| 单词 | Tammuz |
| 例句 | A few millenniums later companies like Tammuz are capitalizing on Abraham’s example. The Gay Show ‘Mom and Dads’ on Israeli TV 2012-12-30T05:20:22Z “When you look at the global map currently,” said Doron Mamet, a co-chief executive officer of Tammuz, a surrogacy agency based in Israel, “there are only a few options that are open.” Nepal Bans Surrogacy, Leaving Couples With Few Low-Cost Options 2016-05-02T04:00:00Z Tammuz, an international surrogacy agency based in Israel, facilitated the births of 15 of the 26 Israeli babies evacuated by the Israeli government from Kathmandu this week. Among Nepal’s earthquake survivors: Israeli gays and their surrogate babies 2015-04-29T04:00:00Z The legends of Atys in Asia Minor, of Adonis or Tammuz in Syria, of Osiris in Egypt, were derived from the same source. The Eliminator; or, Skeleton Keys to Sacerdotal Secrets 2012-03-27T02:00:23.077Z Three battles were fought there, and Memphis was captured by the Assyrians on the 22nd of Tammuz. The Old Testament In the Light of The Historical Records and Legends of Assyria and Babylonia 2012-02-02T03:04:35.567Z Neither Tammuz nor Izdubar—neither beauty nor strength—had come to her to love her; nor could she have given all that her predecessor knew so well how to give. Istar of Babylon A Phantasy 2012-01-31T03:00:15.543Z On some of these we find written as follows:—"If Jupiter is seen in the month of Tammuz, there will be corpses." The History of Antiquity, Vol. I (of VI) 2012-01-28T03:00:28.213Z To this region of darkness and death the goddess goes in search of her beloved Osiris, or Tammuz. Ancient Pagan and Modern Christian Symbolism With an Essay on Baal Worship, On The Assyrian Sacred "Grove," And Other 2012-01-05T03:00:28.663Z Tammuz, the Babylonian "Dumuzi," was the god of spring vegetation, who dies, going down to Hades, and revives again with each returning summer. The Prophet Ezekiel An Analytical Exposition 2011-07-27T02:00:27.557Z The names of three witnesses and the scribe follow this, after which is the date, 29th day of Tammuz, 32nd year of Nebuchadnezzar. The Old Testament In the Light of The Historical Records and Legends of Assyria and Babylonia 2012-02-02T03:04:35.567Z The yearly festival of Tammuz took place a month ago. Istar of Babylon A Phantasy 2012-01-31T03:00:15.543Z Tammuz had perished by an untimely death, and it was fitting that the death of the god should be celebrated when nature also seemed to die. The Religions of Ancient Egypt and Babylonia 2011-04-14T02:00:46.297Z The Babylonian Persephone was Eresh-ki-gal with whom Tammuz dwelt in her underworld for part of the year. The New Gresham Encyclopedia. Vol. 1 Part 3 Atrebates to Bedlis The worship of this god became identified with Phoenicia, and from there this wicked cult came to Greece, where Tammuz was known under the name of Adonis. The Prophet Ezekiel An Analytical Exposition 2011-07-27T02:00:27.557Z Here, too, dwelt “Tammuz of the Abyss,” one of Ae's sons, but whether this was the well-known Tammuz who was the husband of the goddess Ishtar, is uncertain. The Old Testament In the Light of The Historical Records and Legends of Assyria and Babylonia 2012-02-02T03:04:35.567Z "By Hercules!" he observed, softly, to Phalaris, "thy brother's form would make a fitting Tammuz for the great Istar of Babylon!" Istar of Babylon A Phantasy 2012-01-31T03:00:15.543Z There was a time, however, when the festival of Tammuz had been observed, at all events in some parts of Babylonia, in October rather than in June. The Religions of Ancient Egypt and Babylonia 2011-04-14T02:00:46.297Z "Well, and the Seventeenth of Tammuz!" suggests some one. Yiddish Tales In Phœnicia the god was known as Adônis, the “lord,” or under his old Babylonian title of Tammuz. Fresh Light from the Ancient Monuments To Tammuz, the husband of thy youth, From year to year thou causest bitter weeping. The Old Testament In the Light of The Historical Records and Legends of Assyria and Babylonia 2012-02-02T03:04:35.567Z On the lips of every man was the name of Tammuz. Istar of Babylon A Phantasy 2012-01-31T03:00:15.543Z The same month that had witnessed the feast of the New Year witnessed also that of Tammuz risen again from the dead. The Religions of Ancient Egypt and Babylonia 2011-04-14T02:00:46.297Z She was informed that power over the life of her consort Tammuz was given into her hands. Oriental Women For a liturgy of the completed composite type in the Tammuz cult, see Radau, BE. Sumerian Liturgies and Psalms Tammuz or Adonis, goes back to about 3500 b.c., or earlier. The Old Testament In the Light of The Historical Records and Legends of Assyria and Babylonia 2012-02-02T03:04:35.567Z The temple of Marduk, in which the king kept the feast of Tammuz, was the largest temple in Babylon, and the only important one on the east bank of the Euphrates. Istar of Babylon A Phantasy 2012-01-31T03:00:15.543Z One of them was Tammuz, the other Nin-gis-zida, “the lord of the firmly planted stake.” The Religions of Ancient Egypt and Babylonia 2011-04-14T02:00:46.297Z Thus "Nature revived with Tammuz: Ishtar had conquered death." Oriental Women The obverse of this fine single column tablet contained a hymn in thirty-eight lines to the departed Tammuz. Sumerian Liturgies and Psalms Babylon, month Tammuz, day 28th, year 21st, Nabû-kudurri-uṣur, king of Babylon.” The Old Testament In the Light of The Historical Records and Legends of Assyria and Babylonia 2012-02-02T03:04:35.567Z And thereafter ten days passed away, and it was the time of the great yearly feast of Tammuz, the beautiful god of spring. Istar of Babylon A Phantasy 2012-01-31T03:00:15.543Z In some of the early States of Babylonia it was consecrated to a god Bil-'si;378 in the calendar of Assyria, Tammuz took the place of the older god. The Religions of Ancient Egypt and Babylonia 2011-04-14T02:00:46.297Z The Saviour Adonis or Tammuz, after being put to death, rose from the dead. Bible Myths and their Parallels in other Religions Being a Comparison of the Old and New Testament Myths and Miracles with those of the Heathen Nations of Antiquity Considering also their Origin and Meaning In the month Tammuz the nights are short. Sumerian Liturgies and Psalms She told her of the women who wept for Tammuz, and explained the reason of their tears. Mary Magdalen This ceremony formally opened the festival, and it was followed by a loud chant led by the priests, in which the praises of Tammuz and Istar were set forth. Istar of Babylon A Phantasy 2012-01-31T03:00:15.543Z It is possible, though not yet proved, that in Tammuz two deities have been combined together, the sun-god and the vegetation of the spring which the young sun of the year brings into existence. The Religions of Ancient Egypt and Babylonia 2011-04-14T02:00:46.297Z Her name was Mylitta, the divine son was Tammuz, the Saviour, whom we have seen rose from the dead. Bible Myths and their Parallels in other Religions Being a Comparison of the Old and New Testament Myths and Miracles with those of the Heathen Nations of Antiquity Considering also their Origin and Meaning In the standard liturgies she is almost invariably the type of Weeping mother, whereas Innini is this type in the Tammuz liturgies. Sumerian Liturgies and Psalms From Tammuz we naturally pass to Istar, one of the few goddesses of old Babylonia, and by far the most famous of them. History of Religion A Sketch of Primitive Religious Beliefs and Practices, and of the Origin and Character of the Great Systems In the temples, priests and eunuchs were at work setting up tables and divans, hanging flower-ropes and wreaths over the images of Tammuz that were placed in each house of worship. Istar of Babylon A Phantasy 2012-01-31T03:00:15.543Z The poem which told of her descent into Hades was sung at the yearly festival of Tammuz by the women, who wept for his untimely death. The Religions of Ancient Egypt and Babylonia 2011-04-14T02:00:46.297Z Under the designation of Tammuz, this god was worshiped, and had his altar even in the Temple of the Lord which was at Jerusalem. Bible Myths and their Parallels in other Religions Being a Comparison of the Old and New Testament Myths and Miracles with those of the Heathen Nations of Antiquity Considering also their Origin and Meaning From Tammuz to Kislev is the period of death, from Kislev to Tammuz the period of revivification of nature. Sumerian Liturgies and Psalms The great myth of the descent of Istar describes how she goes down to the kingdom of the shades to seek the waters that shall give life again to her bridegroom Tammuz. History of Religion A Sketch of Primitive Religious Beliefs and Practices, and of the Origin and Character of the Great Systems Tammuz, like our child, is dead; yet in their grief the women disclose their features. Istar of Babylon A Phantasy 2012-01-31T03:00:15.543Z Tammuz, the spouse of thy youth, thou ordainest weeping for him year by year. The Religions of Ancient Egypt and Babylonia 2011-04-14T02:00:46.297Z The Tammuz month of Syria was in the spring. Bible Myths and their Parallels in other Religions Being a Comparison of the Old and New Testament Myths and Miracles with those of the Heathen Nations of Antiquity Considering also their Origin and Meaning At any rate some mystic pantomime must have been enacted in the month of Tammuz in which the daughters of Esagila and Ezida and the queen recorder of Sheol were the principal figures. Sumerian Liturgies and Psalms The fast of the seventeenth of Tammuz came round. Dreamers of the Ghetto In the back of the room, facing the entrance, and raised ten feet above the floor, was the platform on which stood the shrine of Tammuz. Istar of Babylon A Phantasy 2012-01-31T03:00:15.543Z This tablet, representing an armed figure and a bear, commemorates, it is said, the death of Tammuz. The Book of Khalid It was at the Winter solstice that the ancients wept for Tammuz, the fair Adonis, and other Sun-gods, who were put to death by the boar, slain by the thorn of winter. Bible Myths and their Parallels in other Religions Being a Comparison of the Old and New Testament Myths and Miracles with those of the Heathen Nations of Antiquity Considering also their Origin and Meaning The great daily services of the standard prayer books represent her as a mater dolorosa and she with Tammuz shares the vicissitudes of mortal life. Sumerian Liturgies and Psalms On the first day of Tammuz he shall pay the money. Babylonian and Assyrian Laws, Contracts and Letters On the twentieth of Tammuz,344 the children of David, the son of Judah, brought it. Hebrew Literature This, too, we are told, was consecrated to Tammuz; and in this valley the women of Byblus bemoaned every year the fate of their god. The Book of Khalid It does not appear as an element in the worship of any deity, neither in that of such gods as Osiris, Tammuz, Adonis, Attis, nor in that of any other. Introduction to the History of Religions Handbooks on the History of Religions, Volume IV Since Gula of Isin was the ordinary liturgical type we find the influence of the ordinary liturgies effective in the composition of the Tammuz hymn. Sumerian Liturgies and Psalms He shall pay half the wages in Nisan and the rest in Tammuz. Babylonian and Assyrian Laws, Contracts and Letters On the seventeenth of Tammuz the stone tables were broken, and the daily offering ceased, and the city was broken up, and Apostemus349 burnt the law, and he set up an image in the Temple. Hebrew Literature For whether in bemoaning Tammuz, or in making tear-bottles, or in trading with the Gauls and Britons, the Phœnicians were the same superstitious, honest, passionate, energetic people. The Book of Khalid Devakî is likewise figured with the divine Kṛiṣhṇa in her arms, as is Mylitta, or Istar, of Babylon, also with the recurrent crown of stars, and with her child Tammuz on her knee. Esoteric Christianity, or The Lesser Mysteries They were divided into two classes, one of which was called the “Wailers,” from the lamentations with which each year they mourned the death of the god Tammuz, the stricken favorite of Istar. Babylonians and Assyrians, Life and Customs It was dated on the twenty-sixth of Tammuz, in the Eponymy of Nabû-shar-aḫêshu, probably b.c. Babylonian and Assyrian Laws, Contracts and Letters Five things happened to our fathers on the seventeenth of Tammuz, and five on the ninth of Ab. Hebrew Literature The name has been translated "Divine Offspring," but in later times lost all signification, being corrupted into Tammuz. Chaldea From the Earliest Times to the Rise of Assyria Now Tammuz is the name under which Adonis was known in Palestine: he was the favourite of Venus, or Astarte, the principal goddess of the Philistines and Phœnicians. The Story of Eclipses Closely connected with the worship of Istar was that of Tammuz. Babylonians and Assyrians, Life and Customs After some more uncertain traces, he adds: “On the twenty-third of Tammuz I entered into Kurban, on the twentieth of Ab I sent a letter to the king, my lord.” Babylonian and Assyrian Laws, Contracts and Letters In other countries there are homologous deities, such as Ea, Tammuz, Adonis, and Attis, which are certainly manifestations of the same idea and sprung from the same source. The Evolution of the Dragon He advises him to present himself at the throne of Anu for trial, and to secure the intervention of two gods, Tammuz and Gishzida, who are stationed at the gate of heaven, Anu's dwelling-place. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria Adonis, Osiris, Horus, and Tammuz, all virgin-born gods, were saviors and suffered death. The Necessity of Atheism Tammuz among the Sumerians appears to have been the “spirit” of the rivulets and waters of spring, and his name signified literally “the son of life” or “of the spirit.” Babylonians and Assyrians, Life and Customs The reign of the former is given at 1,200 years and that of Tammuz at 100 years. The Epic of Gilgamish A Fragment of the Gilgamish Legend in Old-Babylonian Cuneiform The early history of Tammuz is veiled in obscurity. The Evolution of the Dragon Tammuz and Gishzida looked at one another, broke out in lament. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria In the Babylonian and Assyrian mythologies we have the chief deities as Ishtar, Tammuz, Baal, and Astarte. The Necessity of Atheism Thus in the sixteenth year of Nabonidos we have a memorandum to the effect that 210 qas of dates were sent from the storehouse in the month Tammuz “for the maintenance of the sailors.” Babylonians and Assyrians, Life and Customs Tammuz is Dumuzi, “the true son,” or more fully, Dumuzi-absu, “true son of the waters.” Ancient Art and Ritual Osiris of Egypt resembles Tammuz, but his Mesopotamian origin has not been proved. Myths of Babylonia and Assyria The closing lines are rendered obscure by a reference to the goddess Belili, who appears to be the sister of Tammuz. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria More probably he was primarily a supreme god of growth, who occasionally suffered eclipse during the time of death in nature, like Tammuz and Adonis, and this may explain his absence from Mag-tured. The Religion of the Ancient Celts He was also expected to send a present to his landlord thrice a year in the months of Nisan, Tammuz, and Kisleu. Babylonians and Assyrians, Life and Customs Tammuz in Babylon was the young love of Ishtar. Ancient Art and Ritual As a solar and corn god, the Persian Mithra links with Tammuz, as a sky and atmospheric deity with Anu, and as a god of truth, righteousness, and law with Shamash. Myths of Babylonia and Assyria Suitable mourning for Tammuz, therefore, will secure the sympathy of Belili also. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria On the Phoenician coast was a river Kadisha, "the holy," and the Canaanite maiden saw in the red marl which the river Adonis brought down from the hills the blood of the slaughtered Sun-god Tammuz. Patriarchal Palestine Five things happened to our forefathers on the 17th of Tammuz, and five on the 9th of Ab. Hebraic Literature; Translations from the Talmud, Midrashim and Kabbala The rites of Tammuz and of Adonis, celebrated in the summer, were rites of death rather than of resurrection. Ancient Art and Ritual She may have been identical with Belit-sheri, who is referred to in the Sumerian hymns as the sister of Tammuz. Myths of Babylonia and Assyria The story thus ends with a warning to all who mourn for their dead to remember Tammuz, to observe the rites set aside for the festival celebrated in his honor. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria The festival of Tammuz is precisely analogous to the European festival of St. John's Day. Studies in the Psychology of Sex, Volume 1 The Evolution of Modesty; The Phenomena of Sexual Periodicity; Auto-Erotism The Babylonian army moved northward to meet him, but was utterly defeated and dispersed at Opis in the beginning of Tammuz, or June, and a few days later Sippara surrendered to the conqueror. Early Israel and the Surrounding Nations At each other they will look, Tammuz and Iszida, and lament. Library of the World's Best Literature, Ancient and Modern — Volume 1 We have therefore to deal with Tammuz in his twofold character as a patriarch and a god of fertility. Myths of Babylonia and Assyria The Tammuz festival appears to have had a strong hold upon the masses, by reason of the popularity of the Tammuz myth; nor was it limited to the Babylonians. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria Tammuz was the solar god of spring vegetation, and closely associated with Ishtar, also an agricultural deity of fertility. Studies in the Psychology of Sex, Volume 1 The Evolution of Modesty; The Phenomena of Sexual Periodicity; Auto-Erotism It is apparently a form of the common Tammuz or Adonis story of the Semites. The Egyptian Conception of Immortality Jotapata fell on the first day of Tammuz, and whatever the heroism of his army, the general did not shine in the last days of his command or in the manner of his surrender. Josephus Tammuz of the Sumerian hymns, however, is the Adonis-like god who lived on earth for a part of the year as the shepherd and agriculturist so dearly beloved by the goddess Ishtar. Myths of Babylonia and Assyria Upon mounting to heaven and on his approach to the gate of Anu, Tammuz and Gishzida were stationed at the gate of Anu. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria The Tammuz festival was, in the earliest times, held toward the summer solstice, at the time of the first wheat and barley harvest. Studies in the Psychology of Sex, Volume 1 The Evolution of Modesty; The Phenomena of Sexual Periodicity; Auto-Erotism The conclusion lies very near at hand, that the Osiris story is in fact the Tammuz story, brought into Egypt by the earliest Semitic tribes. The Egyptian Conception of Immortality He refers to Tammuz, the lover of her youth, for whom year by year she arranges wailing commemorations. The Babylonian Story of the Deluge as Told by Assyrian Tablets from Nineveh Ishtar mourns for "the wound of Tammuz", smiting her breast, and she did not ask for "the precious eye-stones, her amulets", which were apparently to ransom Tammuz. Myths of Babylonia and Assyria The old Zagmuku festival in honor of Bau and the Tammuz festival, celebrated in spring and summer, respectively, are also closely associated with agricultural life. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria I give you love, nor can receive, O all my children for me grieve; Ah, me, my Tammuz! Babylonian and Assyrian Literature "You have given me more than mine own life this day, Tammuz of the Ford," he said a trifle unsteadily. Masters of the Guild Mr Langdon's remarks on the evolution of the Tammuz cult should be carefully studied in view of the theory maintained by Sir W. Ridgeway—that the Vegetation deities were all of them originally men. From Ritual to Romance A Sumerian hymn to Tammuz throws light on this narrative. Myths of Babylonia and Assyria Tammuz, of whose position in this pantheon we have already had occasion to speak, is the god of spring vegetation. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria But see! they pass from those dark gates and walls, And fly upon the breeze from Hades' halls, Hark! hark! the sounding harp is stilled! it falls From Tammuz's hands! Babylonian and Assyrian Literature And then and there Tammuz received his freedom and a hide of land for his own and his children's after him. Masters of the Guild Mr Langdon suggests that the worship of the divinity we know as Adonis, may, under another name, reach back to an antiquity equal with that we can now ascribe to the cult of Tammuz. From Ritual to Romance It sets forth that Ishtar descended to Hades to entreat him to be glad and to resume care of his flocks, but Tammuz refused or was unable to return. Myths of Babylonia and Assyria Of this group of deities, Tammuz and Nin-gishzida are the most important. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria For Tammuz of thy youth thy heart once wailed, For years his weary form thy love assailed; Allala next, the eagle, lovest, tore His wings. Babylonian and Assyrian Literature Tammuz and his people had enjoyed many a good meal of the flesh of the wild hog, which is better than that of common swine. Masters of the Guild And how are we to regard Tammuz, the prototype of all these deities? From Ritual to Romance The spring sun was personified as Tammuz, the youthful shepherd, who was loved by the earth goddess Ishtar and her rival Eresh-ki-gal, goddess of death, the Babylonian Persephone. Myths of Babylonia and Assyria Tammuz and Gishzida will look at one another; they will sigh and speak a favorable word before Anu, and the glorious countenance of Anu they will show thee. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria Thou hast no ransom to our queen here paid For thy deliverance, yet thou hast said Thy Tammuz thou didst seek within our walls, Turn back! and thou wilt find him in these halls. Babylonian and Assyrian Literature Thanks to Tammuz, they knew in what direction the enemy might be expected, and some of the Welsh chiefs, seeing what was afoot, refused to join in the war at all. Masters of the Guild Tammuz and Adonis General objects to be attained by these Nature Cults. From Ritual to Romance He had much in common with Nin-Girsu, a god of Lagash, who was in turn regarded as a form of Tammuz. Myths of Babylonia and Assyria Since the disappearance of Gishzida embodies precisely the same idea as that of Tammuz, it was natural that the story should in time have been told only of the one. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria Before her now they place a sable bier Beside the fount; and Ishtar, drawing near, Raised the white pall from Tammuz's perfect form. Babylonian and Assyrian Literature The cottager had been complaining that Tammuz and his tribe had been destroying his crops, and wished them punished. Masters of the Guild It is also permissible to point out that in the case of Tammuz, Esmun, and Adonis, the title is not a proper name, but a vague appellative, denoting an abstract rather than a concrete origin. From Ritual to Romance The month of Tammuz wailings was from 20th June till 20th July, when the heat and dryness brought forth the demons of pestilence. Myths of Babylonia and Assyria A similar story must have been told of Tammuz, the sun-god, who is also the god of vegetation. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria The first is addressed to the sun-god Tammuz, the husband of Istar, slain by the boar's tusk of winter, and sought by the goddess in the underground world. Babylonian and Assyrian Literature Sir Walter beckoned to Tammuz, and the man came like a half-tamed dog, eyeing his lord warily. Masters of the Guild The woes of the land and the folk are set forth in poignant detail, and Tammuz is passionately invoked to have pity upon his worshippers, and to end their sufferings by a speedy return. From Ritual to Romance In one of the Sumerian hymns, however, it is stated that Tammuz "upon the flood was cast out". Myths of Babylonia and Assyria The phase of the sun symbolized by Nin-azu is, as in the case of Tammuz and others, the sun of the springtime and of the morning. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria The myth of Tammuz and Istar passed, through the Phoenicians, to the Greeks, among whom Adonis and Aphrodite represent the personages of the ancient Accadian legend. Babylonian and Assyrian Literature Tammuz was among the disaffected peasants who had been relied upon to aid the enemy. Masters of the Guild This summary may aptly be compared with the lament for Tammuz, quoted in Chapter 3. From Ritual to Romance The Babylonian myth of Tammuz, the dying god, bears a close resemblance to the Greek myth of Adonis. Myths of Babylonia and Assyria The close of the legend of Ishtar's journey suggests that the festival of Tammuz was selected as an 'All-Souls' day. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria It seems worth suggesting that the mock king who was annually killed at the Babylonian festival of the Sacaea on the sixteenth day of the month Lous may have represented Tammuz himself. The Golden Bough After the "weeping for Tammuz"1164 had continued for a definite time, the mourning terminated with the burial of an image of the god in the sacred precinct. History of Phoenicia This seems also to have been the case with Tammuz, cf. From Ritual to Romance Ishtar was similarly tortured by the plague demon, Namtar, when she boldly entered the Babylonian Underworld to search for Tammuz. Myths of Babylonia and Assyria The weeping for the lost Tammuz served as an appropriate link for combining with the mourning for the god the lament for the dead. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria The true name of the deity was Tammuz: the appellation of Adonis is merely the Semitic Adon, “lord,” a title of honour by which his worshippers addressed him. The Golden Bough It is uncertain whether Tammuz, for whom she had gone down, was set free also, but as he is referred to, it is not improbable that this was the case. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria Tammuz, the god of vegetation, for whose annual death Ezekiel saw women weeping beside the Temple at Jerusalem, is here an earthly monarch. Legends of Babylon and Egypt in relation to Hebrew tradition Although he lived for several hundred years, like other agricultural patriarchs, including the Tammuz of Berosus, it is possible that he was ultimately sacrificed and burned. Myths of Babylonia and Assyria Up to this point, Tammuz has not been mentioned in the story. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria The character of Tammuz or Adonis as a corn-spirit comes out plainly in an account of his festival given by an Arabic writer of the tenth century. The Golden Bough What connection, if any, he may have with Tammuz, the spouse of Ištar, is unknown. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria But many days before, on the tenth of Tammuz, Noah had sent forth the raven, and a week later the dove, on the first of her three sallies, repeated at intervals of a week. The Legends of the Jews — Volume 1 On the 16th of Tammuz the investing army under Gobryas entered Babylon, the gates having been opened by friends within the city. Myths of Babylonia and Assyria When the festival of Tammuz comes, let them combine with the weeping for the god, a dirge in memory of the dead. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria His death appears to have been annually mourned, to the shrill music of flutes, by men and women about midsummer in the month named after him, the month of Tammuz. The Golden Bough Dumu-zi-abzu, "Tammuz of the Abyss."—This was one of the six sons of Êa or Aa, according to the lists. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria These are Etana and Gilgamesh, two legendary kings who resemble Tammuz the Patriarch referred to by Berosus, a form of Tammuz the Sleeper of the Sumerian psalms. Myths of Babylonia and Assyria Deities, as river and fish gods and goddesses, 29, 32, 33.Corn god, moon god as, 52; Mithra as, 55; the thunder god as, 57, 340; Tammuz and Osiris as, 81 et seq.; Myths of Babylonia and Assyria Tammuz has been deceived by Ishtar; Nin-gishzida has been carried off to the lower world. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria In the religious literature of Babylonia Tammuz appears as the youthful spouse or lover of Ishtar, the great mother goddess, the embodiment of the reproductive energies of nature. The Golden Bough In the second volume of the same work Nin-Girsu is given as the pronunciation of the name of the god of agriculturalists, confirming this identification, Tammuz being also god of agriculture. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria Although Tammuz of the hymns was slain, he returned again from Hades. Myths of Babylonia and Assyria Now Merodach, as the son of Ea whom he consulted and received spells from, was a brother of "Tammuz of the Abyss". Myths of Babylonia and Assyria In the tale, Tammuz, the Alallu bird, a lion, and a horse are successively introduced as those once loved and then deceived by Ishtar. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria Laments for the departed Tammuz are contained in several Babylonian hymns, which liken him to plants that quickly fade. The Golden Bough Ereš-ki-gal did not treat her rival in the affections of Tammuz so gently when Ištar descended to Hades in search of the "husband of her youth." The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria Another god of fertility, the Irish Angus, who resembles Eros, is called "the ever young"; he slumbers like Tammuz and awakes in the Spring. Myths of Babylonia and Assyria One night, in the month of Tammuz-- Belshazzar the king made a great feast to a thousand of his lords, and drank wine before the thousand. Myths of Babylonia and Assyria The weeping of Tammuz symbolizes the decay of vegetation after the summer season. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria We have seen that the rites of Tammuz or Adonis were commonly celebrated about midsummer; according to Jerome, their date was June. The Golden Bough She is accompanied by various demons-- the "gallu-demon", the "slayer", &c.--and holds a conversation with Tammuz which, however, is "unintelligible and badly broken". Myths of Babylonia and Assyria Probably two goddesses originally lamented for Tammuz, as the Egyptian sisters, Isis and Nepthys, lamented for Osiris, their brother. Myths of Babylonia and Assyria Ishtar receives water of life in, 44; Tammuz spends winter in, 53, 98; Indian "land of fathers", 56; land of no return, 58; descent of Ishtar to, 95 et seq.; Myths of Babylonia and Assyria According to one, and, as it would seem, the favorite, tradition, the goddess is represented as herself destroying the solar deity, Tammuz, whom she had chosen as a consort. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria When the women mourned for Tammuz, they did so evidently because the death of the god was lamented by the goddess Ishtar. Myths of Babylonia and Assyria Merodach's spouse Zer-panitum was significantly called "the lady of the Abyss", a title which connects her with Damkina, the mother, and Belit-sheri, the sister of Tammuz. Myths of Babylonia and Assyria There is another phase, however, to the character of the mother goddess which explains the references to the desertion and slaying of Tammuz by Ishtar. Myths of Babylonia and Assyria Angus, the Celtic god of spring, love, and fertility, had a swan form; he also had his seasonal period of sleep like Tammuz. Myths of Babylonia and Assyria Tammuz and Gishzida, the gods of spring, accordingly stand at Adapa's side, ready to plead his cause before Anu. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria As has been shown, Ishtar is referred to in a Tammuz hymn as the mother of the child god of fertility. Myths of Babylonia and Assyria There is no direct evidence, however, to connect Tammuz's slayer with the boar which killed Adonis. Myths of Babylonia and Assyria Diarmid, like Tammuz, the "god of the tender voice and shining eyes", had much beauty. Myths of Babylonia and Assyria Each year Tammuz, the lover of thy youth, is caused by thee to weep. Myths of Babylonia and Assyria The story in this form must have ended in the restoration of Tammuz. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria Tammuz is the god "of sonorous voice"; Agni "roars like a bull"; and Heimdal blows a horn when the giants and demons threaten to attack the citadel of the gods. Myths of Babylonia and Assyria Tammuz, "the heroic lord", was therefore a demon slayer like Heimdal and Agni. Myths of Babylonia and Assyria There is every possibility, therefore, that the Tammuz ritual may have been attached to a harvest god of the pre-Hellenic Greeks, who received at the same time the new name of Adonis. Myths of Babylonia and Assyria The view may be urged that in the Gilgamesh epic we have a development of the Tammuz legend in its heroic form. Myths of Babylonia and Assyria In this month was celebrated a festival to Tammuz, the young bridegroom of Ishtar, who is slain by the goddess. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria The blood of Tammuz, Osiris, and Adonis reddened the swollen rivers which fertilized the soil. Myths of Babylonia and Assyria Tammuz in the hymns is called "the pre-eminent steer of heaven", and a popular sacrifice was "a white kid of the god Tammuz", which, however, might be substituted by a sucking pig. Myths of Babylonia and Assyria Tammuz is similarly "the heroic lord of the land", the "wise one", the "lord of knowledge", and "the sovereign, lord of invocation". Myths of Babylonia and Assyria In Babylonia these deities were represented by Tammuz and Ishtar. Myths of Babylonia and Assyria The annual mourning for Tammuz was maintained in Babylonia to a very late period. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria Tammuz, like the Egyptian lunar and solar god Khonsu, is "the healer", and Agni "drives away all disease". Myths of Babylonia and Assyria When Ishtar wooed the Babylonian hero, Gilgamesh, he spurned her advances, as has been indicated, saying: On Tammuz, the spouse of thy youth, Thou didst lay affliction every year. Myths of Babylonia and Assyria He was therefore one of the many developed forms of Tammuz--a solar, corn, and military deity, and an interceder for mankind. Myths of Babylonia and Assyria Here we have, it would appear, Tammuz among the flowers, and Sargon, the gardener, in the "Garden of Adonis". Myths of Babylonia and Assyria A festival celebrated in honor of Tammuz by the Babylonians is one expression of many that the myth received. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria It is evident that there were various versions of the Tammuz myth in Ancient Babylonia. Myths of Babylonia and Assyria Reference has been made to the introduction of Tammuz worship into Jerusalem. Myths of Babylonia and Assyria No doubt, an incident of this character occurred also in the original Tammuz legend. Myths of Babylonia and Assyria When that goddess wooed Gilgamesh, the Babylonian Hercules, he upbraided her, saying: On Tammuz, the spouse of thy youth, Thou didst lay affliction every year. Myths of Babylonia and Assyria The reference assumes the knowledge of a tale in which the goddess was represented as breaking a costly vessel adorned with precious stones, in sign of her grief for the lost Tammuz. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria Tammuz and Osiris were tree gods as well as corn gods. Myths of Babylonia and Assyria In Borsippa he had, like Merodach in Babylon, pronounced Tammuz traits. Myths of Babylonia and Assyria Nebo, in fact, appears to be the Tammuz of the new age, the son of the ancient goddess, who became "Husband of his Mother". Myths of Babylonia and Assyria As she was a water deity, and perhaps identical with Belit-sheri, sister of "Tammuz of the Abyss" and daughter of Ea, one of the canals was dedicated to her. Myths of Babylonia and Assyria There is probably a reference also to the Tammuz festival in Zech, xii. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria Tammuz was also a Patriarch, who reigned for a long period over the land and had human offspring. Myths of Babylonia and Assyria In one form Tammuz, like Adonis, was loved by two goddesses--the twin phases of nature--the Queen of Heaven and the Queen of Hades. Myths of Babylonia and Assyria It was decreed that Tammuz should spend part of the year with one goddess and part of the year with the other. Myths of Babylonia and Assyria Tammuz's first act was to slay the demons of winter and storm, as Indra's in India was to slay the demons of drought, and Thor's in Scandinavia was to exterminate the frost giants. Myths of Babylonia and Assyria Tammuz, like Osiris of Egypt, was an agricultural deity, and as the Babylonian harvest was the gift of the rivers, it is probable that one of his several forms was Dumu-zi-abzu, "Tammuz of the Abyss". Myths of Babylonia and Assyria A couplet from a Tammuz hymn says tersely: In his infancy in a sunken boat he lay. Myths of Babylonia and Assyria Ea, who had already assumed manifold forms, may have originally been the son or child lover of Damkina, "Lady of the Deep", as was Tammuz of Ishtar. Myths of Babylonia and Assyria As the deity of the spring sun, Tammuz slew the winter demons of rain and tempest, so that he was an appropriate spouse for the goddess of harvest and war. Myths of Babylonia and Assyria Osiris resembles Tammuz and was similarly a corn deity and a ruler of the living and the dead, associated with sun, moon, stars, water, and vegetation. Myths of Babylonia and Assyria Merodach may have been a development of Tammuz in his character as a demon slayer. Myths of Babylonia and Assyria Tammuz may have been the "sevenfold one" of the hymns. Myths of Babylonia and Assyria As much is suggested by the resemblances which the conventionalized planetary deities bear to Tammuz, whose attributes they symbolized, and by the Egyptian conception that the sun, Jupiter, Saturn, and Mars were manifestations of Horus. Myths of Babylonia and Assyria Both deities were also connected with the spring sun, like Tammuz, and were terrible slayers of their enemies. Myths of Babylonia and Assyria Tammuz and Horus may have been personifications of the Power or World Soul vaguely recognized in the stage of Naturalism. Myths of Babylonia and Assyria As the divine sower of seed, Ninip may have developed from Tammuz as Horus did from Osiris. Myths of Babylonia and Assyria Tammuz resembled Ramman in his character as a spring god of war. Myths of Babylonia and Assyria Nergal was also a fire god like the Aryo-Indian Agni, who, as has been shown, links with Tammuz as a demon slayer and a god of fertility. Myths of Babylonia and Assyria Asari, one of Merodach's names, links him with Osiris, the Egyptian Tammuz, who was supplanted by his son Horus. Myths of Babylonia and Assyria Nin-Girsu was, it would seem, a developed form of Tammuz, like the Scandinavian Frey, god of harvest, or Heimdal, the celestial warrior. Myths of Babylonia and Assyria Perseus, like Tammuz and Osiris, was enclosed in a chest which was cast into the sea, to be rescued, however, by a fisherman on the island of Seriphos. Myths of Babylonia and Assyria He appears also to have been a developed form of Tammuz, who was an incarnation of Ea. Myths of Babylonia and Assyria |
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