| 单词 | synaptic |
| 例句 | It would strike a blow for sanity and synaptic electricity were the prize to go to, say, J. P. Donleavy, the Irish American author of “The Ginger Man” and other books. The Nobel Prize in Literature: A Year for Long Shots? 2014-10-07T04:00:00Z The key here is plasticity, which Dehaene describes as “the brain’s perpetual effervescence of synaptic changes.” Three New Books Explore the Machinery of the Mind 2020-04-03T04:00:00Z To remedy this synaptic gap, sommeliers are revising their menus to downplay the Japanese data and rely instead on simple, haunting, haiku-like evocations. In Las Vegas, a Good Story Helps Sell Expensive Sakes 2011-02-02T05:40:04Z The Scramblin’ Kids of my Harlem youth are more than just a synaptic scrapbook of bleach-skipped Polaroids engulfed by fading memories. The Dealer Who Saved My Life 2017-09-12T04:00:00Z This process of synaptic messaging between unconnected cells came to be called the Neuron Doctrine, and in 1906, it earned Cajal the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. A Deep Dive Into the Brain, Hand-Drawn by the Father of Neuroscience 2018-01-18T05:00:00Z Perhaps, in all the synaptic mayhem, there is just no room for the viewer to contact their own demons. Chris Cunningham 2010-04-27T21:05:00Z But our brains are so remarkably adept at putting unused neurons and virgin synaptic connections to other uses. The internet: is it changing the way we think? 2010-08-14T23:05:00Z His exquisite images, still used in textbooks, ignite synaptic charges throughout 20th-century art, from Surrealism onward. Art and Museums in NYC This Week 2018-01-26T05:00:00Z This entire incident causes all sorts of synaptic misfires in a person's brain for a lot of reasons, especially if said person is also a black woman. How the media at large failed Gayle King 2020-02-15T05:00:00Z They communicate across infinitesimal gaps known as synaptic clefts. A Deep Dive Into the Brain, Hand-Drawn by the Father of Neuroscience 2018-01-18T05:00:00Z Its 80 freehand renderings of different brain cells, as viewed through a microscope, helped prove that they are unconnected, communicating across tiny gaps called synaptic clefts, which earned Cajal a Nobel Prize in 1906. Art and Museums in NYC This Week 2018-01-26T05:00:00Z As my mother, a neuroscientist, read “Where the Wild Things Are” to me, new synaptic connections spread like a grass fire in my brain. Donna Summer: Disco diva and rocker 2012-05-18T01:26:00Z “I was thinking in terms of synaptic connections, the way his brain worked,” he said. Below the Line: Editing ‘The Big Short’ 2016-02-03T05:00:00Z Other irregular, bulbous lines snake and coil among and around these larger shapes, suggesting tubes, wiring or cords of synaptic nodes. Landscapes and Still Lifes of New Territories 2010-12-30T23:01:02Z They explained that they wove “A Little Respect” throughout the production to forge a synaptic association in their audiences’ brains. 'Mateluna' at REDCAT: Part high-concept political drama, part true-crime mystery 2017-10-27T04:00:00Z Not only did dopamine release increase during the acute sleep loss period, synaptic plasticity also was enhanced -- literally rewiring the brain to maintain the bubbly mood for the next few days. One sleepless night can rapidly reverse depression for several days 2023-11-02T04:00:00Z A further step forward was taken when researchers discovered synaptic connections between nerve cells and brain tumours. DNA organization influences the growth of deadly brain tumors in response to neuronal signals 2023-10-31T04:00:00Z Similarly, when they blocked synaptic vesicle production by hair follicle cells, they were no longer able to signal to the sensory nerves. Hidden way for us to feel touch 2023-10-27T04:00:00Z One gene in the locus, CYFIP1, has been associated with synaptic function in neurons and confers increased risk for neurodevelopmental disorders including schizophrenia and autism. New clues to early development of schizophrenia 2023-10-24T04:00:00Z Sometimes, waves of electrical activity sweep across the retina's entire surface, reach the central brain areas and fine-tune the synaptic connections. Vision in the brain: Hardwired for action 2023-09-28T04:00:00Z This suggested that synaptic plasticity in the prefrontal cortex might be enhanced. One sleepless night can rapidly reverse depression for several days 2023-11-02T04:00:00Z Among the most prominent, they found impairments in the expression of genes involved in mitochondrial function, synaptic signaling, and protein complexes needed to maintain the structural integrity of the genome. Decoding the complexity of Alzheimer's disease 2023-09-28T04:00:00Z In another set of experiments, the researchers looked at how a diet high in saturated fat influenced signaling in the brains of aged mice by observing another microglial function called synaptic pruning. Saturated fat may interfere with creating memories in aged brain 2023-09-27T04:00:00Z Microglia are known to carry out synaptic pruning, in which they "eat" excess synaptic structures, a process critical to healthy brain development. New clues to early development of schizophrenia 2023-10-24T04:00:00Z When training conventional artificial neural networks, external feedback is necessary to adjust the strengths of the many billions of synaptic connections. Efficient training for artificial intelligence 2023-09-22T04:00:00Z In this theory, the values associated with different choices are learned through changes in synaptic strength: Synaptic connections are strengthened or weakened in proportion to the difference between expected and received reward. Fruit flies offer clues to how brains make reward-based decisions 2023-09-22T04:00:00Z They could also start to group genes into regulatory circuits that control specific cell functions such as synaptic communication -- the primary way that neurons transmit messages throughout the brain. Decoding the complexity of Alzheimer's disease 2023-09-28T04:00:00Z Microglia monitor signal transmission among neurons and nibble away excess synaptic spines, the connection sites between axons and dendrites, to keep communication at an ideal level. Saturated fat may interfere with creating memories in aged brain 2023-09-27T04:00:00Z The gene also functions in a different pathway in the synaptic terminal -- unrelated to its recycling work -- where it controls dopamine release. Newly discovered trigger of Parkinson's upends common beliefs 2023-09-15T04:00:00Z This suggests that other aspects of synaptic communication might also be tunable. Individual neurons mix multiple RNA edits of key synapse protein, fly study finds 2023-09-18T04:00:00Z Armchair psychoanalysts and real ones both have been trying to read this guy's synaptic tea leaves for years and still the question, why, is unanswered. The Big Why 2023-07-22T04:00:00Z Alongside defects in genome folding, these changes appear to predominantly impact genes related to synaptic activity, likely contributing to the cognitive decline seen in Alzheimer's disease. Decoding the complexity of Alzheimer's disease 2023-09-28T04:00:00Z This dense body is surrounded by synaptic vesicles and is thought to aid in the fast release of neurotransmitter. Fundamentals of Biology 2015-01-01T00:00:00Z "Now, we need to develop drugs that stimulate this pathway, correct synaptic dysfunction and hopefully prevent neuronal degeneration in Parkinson's." Newly discovered trigger of Parkinson's upends common beliefs 2023-09-15T04:00:00Z The other turned out to be more effective at clamping than the unedited version, keeping a tight lid on glutamate release and synaptic output. Individual neurons mix multiple RNA edits of key synapse protein, fly study finds 2023-09-18T04:00:00Z Neurons communicate between the axon of one neuron and the dendrites, and sometimes the cell body, of another neuron across the gap between them, known as the synaptic cleft. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z "The theory a long time ago has been that if you increase synaptic levels of serotonin, then you could produce antidepressant effects," Dr. David Olson, the study's lead author, told Salon. New research illuminates how the human brain creates its own psychedelic drugs 2023-02-20T05:00:00Z Why is pharmacology a more artificial advantage than other technologies employed by wealthy athletes seeking to sharpen their receptors and find that mysterious brain-body synaptic intersection we call “optimal?” Perspective | How do we draw the line between sports cheaters and sports strivers? 2022-10-11T04:00:00Z Dendrites from a single neuron may receive synaptic contact from many other neurons. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z The neurotransmitter must be inactivated or removed from the synaptic cleft so that the stimulus is limited in time. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z The neurotransmitter diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds to receptors in the post-synaptic membrane. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z I worry about other potential symptoms — degeneration of brain capillaries, dendritic branches and synaptic connections — that contribute to decreased memory and poor decision-making. Beijing Olympics loop life: Tight security, bus trips galore and aggressive swabbing 2022-02-18T05:00:00Z Our study reveals the role that synaptic connections may play in memory, and could explain why associative memories can last longer and be remembered more vividly than other types of memories. Where are memories stored in the brain? Research suggests they may be in connections between cells 2022-01-16T05:00:00Z Calcium ions entering the cell initiate a signaling cascade that causes small membrane-bound vesicles, called synaptic vesicles, containing neurotransmitter molecules to fuse with the presynaptic membrane. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z There are thousands of muscle fibers in each muscle, but every six or so fibers are supplied by a single motor neuron, as the axons branch to form synaptic connections at their individual NMJs. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z Indeed, many other organisms, including unicellular eukaryotes, contain the same synaptic genes, says Sally Leys, a marine biologist at the University of Alberta in Edmonton, Canada. Sponge Cells Hint at Origins of Nervous System 2021-11-09T05:00:00Z On a steamy afternoon in August, the grounds buzzed with families experiencing a synaptic sugar rush. Who Wouldn’t Want a $500 Million Theme Park in Their Town? 2021-10-01T04:00:00Z Before such a treatment can even be contemplated, however, the synaptic changes encoding associative memories need to be more precisely defined. Where are memories stored in the brain? Research suggests they may be in connections between cells 2022-01-16T05:00:00Z Together, synaptic summation and the threshold for excitation act as a filter so that random “noise” in the system is not transmitted as important information. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z At a chemical synapse, neurotransmitter is released from the presynaptic element and diffuses across the synaptic cleft. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z Think of this synaptic plasticity as the mechanism by which the strength of information flow in these tiny gaps among brain cells is manipulated. Novel Drug Therapies Could Tackle Treatment-Resistant Depression 2021-09-14T04:00:00Z She’s taking recordings of synaptic activity, the electrochemical signals neurons use to communicate with each other. The sound of neurons firing 2021-06-30T04:00:00Z Nevertheless, it's tempting to imagine a distant future in which synaptic surgery could remove bad memories. Where are memories stored in the brain? Research suggests they may be in connections between cells 2022-01-16T05:00:00Z In fact, synaptic plasticity is the basis of learning and memory. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z The change in membrane potential alters the amount of neurotransmitter that the photoreceptor cells release onto bipolar cells in the outer synaptic layer. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z Rather than their synaptic weights—the values dictating how activity spreads from one neuron to another—remaining static, they change based on experience. Watch an AI robot walk with a broken leg, thanks to a brain that never stops learning 2020-12-21T05:00:00Z Though the biology of depression and addiction is complex, people with these diseases tend to lose some synaptic connections in their prefrontal cortex. Chemists re-engineer a psychedelic to treat depression and addiction in rodents 2020-12-09T05:00:00Z This includes changing the neuronal structure, which can reduce the number of synaptic contacts that neurons have with one another. PTSD expert Seth Norrholm: Americans "are being psychologically abused by Donald Trump" 2020-09-11T04:00:00Z There are various mechanisms, none fully understood, behind the synaptic strengthening seen with LTP. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Within the neural tunic is the retina, with three layers of cells and two synaptic layers in between. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z Evidence from mice indicates that some proteins in the blood, such as fibrinogen, damage the synaptic connections between neurons9. Risk factor for Alzheimer’s disease breaks the blood–brain barrier 2020-04-28T04:00:00Z This synaptic cleft is a narrow gap that is not easily accessible to an antibody. Five Types of Research, Underexplored until Recently, Could Produce Alzheimer’s Treatments 2020-04-22T04:00:00Z If synaptic changes alone do not suffice, what does happen inside your brain when you learn something new? The Brain Learns in Unexpected Ways 2020-03-12T04:00:00Z Reflexes are so fast because they involve local synaptic connections. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z At the end of the axon is the axon terminal, where there are usually several branches extending toward the target cell, each of which ends in an enlargement called a synaptic end bulb. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z But it wasn't clear precisely how this synaptic pruning happened until 2012, when neurologist Beth Stevens and her colleagues reported something astonishing: Microglia were engulfing the excess synapses, especially the underused ones. The amazing brain cells that link mind and body 2020-02-01T05:00:00Z This leads to a rise in synaptic activity, which was associated with tumour progression. Brain tumours manipulate neighbouring synapses 2020-01-28T05:00:00Z If information processing and learning arise from the strengthening of synaptic connections between neurons in gray matter, why does learning affect the brain’s subsurface cabling? The Brain Learns in Unexpected Ways 2020-03-12T04:00:00Z This blockage results in an increase in serotonin in the synaptic cleft. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z At one end of the axon are dendrites, and at the other end, the axon forms synaptic connections with a target. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z As brains became more complex, synaptic glutamate was no longer enough. Glutamate Built the Brain—Can It Treat It Too? 2020-01-13T05:00:00Z But the question still remains of how the arrival time of neural impulses at each synaptic relay point in complex neural networks is established. Deeper Insights Emerge into How Memories Form 2019-11-18T05:00:00Z Surprisingly, research in the past decade has shown that astrocytes positioned close to the synapse between two neurons can regulate synaptic transmission during learning by releasing or taking up neurotransmitters there. The Brain Learns in Unexpected Ways 2020-03-12T04:00:00Z In a chemical synapse, the action potential causes release of neurotransmitter molecules into the synaptic cleft. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z The Ca2+ facilitates the merging of the vesicle with the presynaptic membrane so that the neurotransmitter is released through exocytosis into the small gap between the cells, known as the synaptic cleft. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z They suggest that the metabolites modulate the ability of the brain’s immune cells, microglia, to engulf and degrade structures called dendritic spines that form synaptic connections between neurons. Gut microbes regulate neurons to help mice forget their fear 2019-10-22T04:00:00Z The mechanisms that underlie signalling between neurons were directly investigated by placing electrodes on either side of a synaptic connection10. A breakthrough method that became vital to neuroscience 2019-10-21T04:00:00Z In venturing beyond the synapse, we are beginning to fill out the stick-figure skeleton of synaptic plasticity to create a fuller picture of what happens in our brain when we learn. The Brain Learns in Unexpected Ways 2020-03-12T04:00:00Z The ratio of stimulatory to inhibitory receptors at the synaptic membrane was shown to increase with the experience. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Once in the synaptic cleft, the neurotransmitter diffuses the short distance to the postsynaptic membrane and can interact with neurotransmitter receptors. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z The potential applications are wide-ranging, because alterations in cognition and synaptic plasticity are seen in nearly all neuropsychiatric disorders. Gut microbes regulate neurons to help mice forget their fear 2019-10-22T04:00:00Z Cellular timekeepers rhythmically prep areas around the synapses in anticipation of building synaptic proteins during slumber. Sleep Deprivation Shuts Down Production of Essential Brain Proteins 2019-10-10T04:00:00Z Figure 1 | Cancer cells form synaptic connections with neurons. Dangerous liaisons as tumour cells form synapses with neurons 2019-09-17T04:00:00Z The end of the neuron’s axon is called the synaptic terminal, and it does not actually contact the motor end plate. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z The neurotransmitter diffuses across the synaptic cleft to bind to its receptor. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z “The pain circuit becomes stronger through synaptic reinforcement in chronic pain. It’s like learning,” says Greg Neely, a geneticist at the University of Sydney in Australia. Analgesia without opioids 2019-09-10T04:00:00Z Cirelli emphasizes the importance of isolating the synaptic regions where these molecules accumulate and are produced. Sleep Deprivation Shuts Down Production of Essential Brain Proteins 2019-10-10T04:00:00Z Venkatesh and colleagues made similar observations of synaptic structures arising between glioma cells and neurons. Dangerous liaisons as tumour cells form synapses with neurons 2019-09-17T04:00:00Z A small space called the synaptic cleft separates the synaptic terminal from the motor end plate. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z The G protein changes the membrane potential of the photoreceptor cell, which then releases less neurotransmitter into the outer synaptic layer of the retina. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z Known as synaptic plasticity, these patterns mediate both learning and memory. A protein in your brain behaves like a virus, infecting your cells with memories 2019-08-12T04:00:00Z For example, the rules by which synapses change the strength of their connections in response to experience might be more complex than any used in current simulations of synaptic plasticity. The four biggest challenges in brain simulation 2019-07-23T04:00:00Z Human breast cancer cells express neuroligin, a protein that aids adhesion between cells and that normally contributes to the formation of synaptic structures between neurons. Dangerous liaisons as tumour cells form synapses with neurons 2019-09-17T04:00:00Z Other examples of cells releasing molecules via exocytosis include the secretion of proteins of the extracellular matrix and secretion of neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft by synaptic vesicles. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Another example is the neurotransmitters of the nervous system, which act only locally within the synaptic cleft. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z Another issue regards the synaptic weights: it’s not clear how a connection’s strength might scale with its physical size. Neural networks mapped in both sexes of the worm 2019-07-02T04:00:00Z TSP1 is known to promote the formation and growth of synaptic connections between neurons. Star-like cells spark behavioural hyperactivity in mice 2019-06-23T04:00:00Z This suggests that, in a similar way to human glioma cells, human breast cancer cells might exploit the standard mechanisms used by neurons to establish synaptic connections. Dangerous liaisons as tumour cells form synapses with neurons 2019-09-17T04:00:00Z A synaptic signal is a chemical signal that travels between nerve cells. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z When ACh molecules are released, they diffuse across a minute space called the synaptic cleft and bind to the receptors. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z Low- and high-resolution microscopy images were taken of these sections, revealing the anatomy of a typical section, including the neuronal processes and synaptic connections. Neural networks mapped in both sexes of the worm 2019-07-02T04:00:00Z Greengard explained that slow synaptic transmission is “the software that controls fast transmission”, which he dubbed “the hardware of the brain”. Paul Greengard (1925–2019) 2019-05-12T04:00:00Z In neurons, synaptic activity enables the depolarization and calcium-ion influx that is necessary for cellular differentiation, proliferation and survival. Dangerous liaisons as tumour cells form synapses with neurons 2019-09-17T04:00:00Z Dendrites can have small protrusions called dendritic spines, which further increase surface area for possible synaptic connections. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z The ACh molecules diffuse across a minute space called the synaptic cleft and bind to ACh receptors located within the motor end-plate of the sarcolemma on the other side of the synapse. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z In either case, although the amount of computation is vast, the variety of operations is modest, because ‘multiply–accumulate’ operations dominate across the many synaptic weights and neuronal excitations. A role for optics in AI hardware 2019-05-07T04:00:00Z Activated microglial cells secrete proteins that kill nerve cells and cause the nerve cells to stop communicating with each other—called synaptic dysfunction. We Need New Ideas for FIghting Alzheimer's 2019-04-24T04:00:00Z The researchers saw circulation in major arteries and small blood vessels, metabolism and responsiveness to drugs at the cellular level and even spontaneous synaptic activity in neurons, among other things. Part-revived pig brains raise slew of ethical quandaries 2019-04-16T04:00:00Z The neurotransmitter diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds to receptor proteins on the postsynaptic membrane. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z A varicosity releases neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z A DNN learns to perform tasks such as image recognition by varying its synaptic weights in a way that minimizes the difference between its actual output and the desired output. A role for optics in AI hardware 2019-05-07T04:00:00Z What we did was to look at a large number of neurotransmitters, probably 100 neurotransmitters that worked through what we called slow synaptic transmission. Nobel Laureate Paul Greengard Kept Churning Out Ideas for New Drugs after Turning 90 2019-04-15T04:00:00Z "There's no real way to measure synaptic plasticity in people, so it's going to be hard to confirm these findings in humans," Beyeler says. Behind the Buzz: How Ketamine Changes the Depressed Patient's Brain 2019-04-12T04:00:00Z The calcium entry causes synaptic vesicles to fuse with the membrane and release neurotransmitter molecules into the synaptic cleft. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z The presynaptic element is the synaptic end bulb of the axon where Ca2+ enters the bulb to cause vesicle fusion and neurotransmitter release. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z By the time reporters could get around to making fun of Trump for his synaptic slip, Twitter had already used up every gag, pun and jab. Trump scuttles deal that would avoid Senate rebuke 2019-03-13T04:00:00Z It is now known that the vast majority of signaling in the brain is what we today call slow synaptic transmission. Nobel Laureate Paul Greengard Kept Churning Out Ideas for New Drugs after Turning 90 2019-04-15T04:00:00Z In the teenage years, the brain strips away unneeded or redundant connections between brain cells, in a process called synaptic pruning. Does Marijuana Use Cause Schizophrenia? 2019-01-17T05:00:00Z Once neurotransmission has occurred, the neurotransmitter must be removed from the synaptic cleft so the postsynaptic membrane can “reset” and be ready to receive another signal. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z In this example, the action potential travels—a process known as propagation—along the axon from the axon hillock to the axon terminals and into the synaptic end bulbs. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z Those mice soon began to perform better on memory tests and show signs of improved synaptic health. How Exercise May Help Keep Our Memory Sharp 2019-01-16T05:00:00Z Weakening of the synaptic connections between the OFC and the dorsal striatum in persevering mice reduced their willingness to self-stimulate in the face of a possible foot shock. Brain circuits of compulsive drug addiction identified 2018-12-18T05:00:00Z This ‘synaptic plasticity’, is fundamental to the ability of animals to learn, and without it we would no more be able to tie our shoes than to remember our own names. Prehistoric Viruses and the Function of the Brain 2018-12-11T05:00:00Z Two mechanisms of synaptic plasticity are long-term potentiation and long-term depression. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z This is a specialized synaptic structure at which multiple axon terminals synapse with the muscle fiber sarcolemma. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z For example, if I teach a student how to use a cryostat, they might become proficient in slicing brains, but they won’t necessarily learn how synaptic transmission works. How to make undergraduate research worthwhile 2018-11-13T05:00:00Z Pre-existing differences in this multisynaptic circuit might explain why compulsive behaviour, and the related changes in synaptic connections, occur in only some mice. Brain circuits of compulsive drug addiction identified 2018-12-18T05:00:00Z Just as shipping rules are determined by treaties and laws, the rules of synaptic plasticity are written into a multitude of genes in our DNA. Prehistoric Viruses and the Function of the Brain 2018-12-11T05:00:00Z Explain the stimulatory or inhibitory effect of key ionic elements, Na+ and Cl-, on the electric potential of the post- synaptic membrane. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z The synaptic end bulbs of the motor neurons secrete acetylcholine, which binds to receptors on the sarcolemma. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z The signals transmitted between neurons through synaptic connections are responsible for most, if not all, brain functions, from learning to decision-making. A ‘don’t eat me’ immune signal protects neuronal connections 2018-10-28T04:00:00Z In contrast to the temporary reversal observed after optogenetic inhibition of OFC neurons projecting to the dorsal striatum, these changes in synaptic strength induced a behavioural switch that persisted for six days. Brain circuits of compulsive drug addiction identified 2018-12-18T05:00:00Z Normally this mechanism, responsible for strengthening the synaptic transfer of information between neurons, is the basis of memory formation. What Causes Alcohol-Induced Blackouts? 2018-10-26T04:00:00Z An alternative explanation of the manner in which the brain integrates new information is through synaptic plasticity. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Instead of a synaptic end bulb, a neurotransmitter is released from swellings along the length of a fiber that makes an extended network of connections in the target effector. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z ‘Don’t eat me’ signals act to limit the effects of ‘eat me’ signals in the immune system, but it was not known whether the same process occurs during synaptic pruning in the developing brain. A ‘don’t eat me’ immune signal protects neuronal connections 2018-10-28T04:00:00Z The VTA dopamine neurons stimulated by the mice do not connect directly to the OFC or the dorsal striatum, so the link between these regions must involve multiple synaptic connections. Brain circuits of compulsive drug addiction identified 2018-12-18T05:00:00Z However, reading a book or watching a film will bring about synaptic changes, too — and we wouldn’t count either as primarily biological activities. Probing the genetics of the mind 2018-08-07T04:00:00Z The addition of serotonin to the tissue culture increases the number of synaptic connections and the training can be induced in vitro. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z At the axon terminal, the electrical signal prompts the release of a chemical signal called a neurotransmitter that carries the message across the synaptic cleft to elicit a response in the neighboring cell. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z The protein CD47 is expressed on active synaptic termini, and signals to its receptor SIRP-α on microglia, discouraging the immune cells from digesting the synaptic terminal. A ‘don’t eat me’ immune signal protects neuronal connections 2018-10-28T04:00:00Z Through the portal of stress, the synaptic connections that link neurons to bring forward in time old expectations unlock. Reeling from the news? Train your brain to feel better with these 4 techniques 2018-08-06T04:00:00Z At times, he proposes a less-than-convincing reframing: that because psychoanalysis is a learning process, which involves synaptic changes, the therapy is essentially a biological treatment. Probing the genetics of the mind 2018-08-07T04:00:00Z Cells that had acquired the stimulus-response behavior were treated with an agent that destroys the synaptic receptors. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z “It’s an in vivo marker of synaptic density,” Carson says. Alzheimer’s disease is getting easier to spot 2018-07-24T04:00:00Z First, they measured phagocytosis of synaptic material in mice genetically engineered to lack CD47. A ‘don’t eat me’ immune signal protects neuronal connections 2018-10-28T04:00:00Z “Here, we show that exposure of adult male mice to an environmental enrichment paradigm leads to enhancement of synaptic plasticity and cognition also in the next generation,” the study concluded. New research suggests fit fathers make for healthier babies 2018-06-17T04:00:00Z This view challenges the widely held notion that memories are stored by enhancing synaptic connections between neurons. Memory Transferred Between Snails, Challenging Standard Theory of How the Brain Remembers 2018-05-14T04:00:00Z Neurotransmitter release occurs when an action potential travels down the motor neuron’s axon, resulting in altered permeability of the synaptic terminal membrane and an influx of calcium. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Performing a brain biopsy to obtain a synaptic pathology is not ethical, and human subjects would not agree to this procedure as part of a study. How Exercise May Help the Memory Grow Stronger 2018-02-21T05:00:00Z Ionic/electronic hybrid materials integrated in a synaptic transistor with signal processing and learning functions. Multi-terminal memtransistors from polycrystalline monolayer molybdenum disulfide 2018-02-20T05:00:00Z Extraordinary neoteny of synaptic spines in the human prefrontal cortex. Importance of investing in adolescence from a developmental science perspective 2018-02-20T05:00:00Z But she said she strongly disagreed with Glanzman’s notion that synaptic connections do not play a key role in memory storage. Memory Transferred Between Snails, Challenging Standard Theory of How the Brain Remembers 2018-05-14T04:00:00Z Once released by the synaptic terminal, ACh diffuses across the synaptic cleft to the motor end plate, where it binds with ACh receptors. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Teneurins are evolutionarily conserved transmembrane proteins that instruct synaptic partner matching in Drosophila and are required for vertebrate visual system development. Teneurin-3 controls topographic circuit assembly in the hippocampus 2018-02-06T05:00:00Z Pattern recognition using carbon nanotube synaptic transistors with an adjustable weight update protocol. Multi-terminal memtransistors from polycrystalline monolayer molybdenum disulfide 2018-02-20T05:00:00Z Well before memory loss becomes severe, Alzheimer’s patients can experience apathy, depression and gait and balance problems as the brain’s synaptic connections begin to falter. Scientists tune into brain to uncover music’s healing power 2017-12-19T05:00:00Z Ryan said he is pursuing the idea that memories are stored through ensembles of neurons bound together by new synaptic connections, not by strengthening of existing connections. Memory Transferred Between Snails, Challenging Standard Theory of How the Brain Remembers 2018-05-14T04:00:00Z Counts, S. E., Nadeem, M., Lad, S. P., Wuu, J. & Mufson, E. J. Differential expression of synaptic proteins in the frontal and temporal cortex of elderly subjects with mild cognitive impairment. Enhancing mitochondrial proteostasis reduces amyloid-β proteotoxicity 2017-12-05T05:00:00Z This is probably due to a system of synaptic pruning, ridding the brain of unnecessary nerve cell connections and resulting in boosted neural efficiency. Brain Scans Reveal Why Rewards and Punishments Don't Seem to Work on Teenagers 2017-11-30T05:00:00Z At most synapses in the brain, short-term plasticity dynamically modulates synaptic strength. Synaptotagmin 7 confers frequency invariance onto specialized depressing synapses 2017-10-29T04:00:00Z She then detailed fetal development and synaptic activity, her voice very sure, her words unafraid. I miss her every Thanksgiving, and try not to wonder 'What if...?' – LA Times 2017-11-18T05:00:00Z The difficulty may be due in part to the overwhelming focus on synaptic strength. Memory Transferred Between Snails, Challenging Standard Theory of How the Brain Remembers 2018-05-14T04:00:00Z MRIs of some people with schizophrenia show that parts of their brain are smaller than normal, a feature associated with overactive synaptic pruning in adolescence. Scientists are learning to predict psychosis years in advance—and possibly prevent it 2017-11-16T05:00:00Z Bruchpilot, a protein with homology to ELKS/CAST, is required for structural integrity and function of synaptic active zones in Drosophila. Ultra-selective looming detection from radial motion opponency 2017-11-07T05:00:00Z In most parts of the brain, synaptic strength varies as a function of neuronal firing frequency, a phenomenon known as 'short-term synaptic plasticity'. Synaptotagmin 7 confers frequency invariance onto specialized depressing synapses 2017-10-29T04:00:00Z Here we delete the Kctd13 gene in mice and demonstrate reduced synaptic transmission. Kctd13 deletion reduces synaptic transmission via increased RhoA 2017-10-31T04:00:00Z Furthermore, in the absence of astrocytic NL2, the formation and function of cortical excitatory synapses are diminished, whereas inhibitory synaptic function is enhanced. Astrocytic neuroligins control astrocyte morphogenesis and synaptogenesis 2017-11-07T05:00:00Z In particular, widespread "synaptic pruning"—a sort of scaling down of connectors between neurons—reshapes the brain as a child transitions to adulthood. Scientists are learning to predict psychosis years in advance—and possibly prevent it 2017-11-16T05:00:00Z Sleep is crucial for brain recuperation and the reorganization of synaptic connections. Falling Walls: Untangling the Mystery of Sleep 2017-11-02T04:00:00Z The resulting constant synaptic strength over a wide range of firing frequencies allows for efficient encoding of neuronal firing rates. Synaptotagmin 7 confers frequency invariance onto specialized depressing synapses 2017-10-29T04:00:00Z During this time of drastic synaptic remodeling, a poor attachment leaves a devastating mark on the infant’s sensitive brain. The Neuroscience of Paid Parental Leave 2017-10-30T04:00:00Z The mechanisms that control the establishment of astrocyte morphology are unknown, and it is unclear whether impairing astrocytic infiltration of the neuropil alters synaptic connectivity. Astrocytic neuroligins control astrocyte morphogenesis and synaptogenesis 2017-11-07T05:00:00Z The loss of redundant pathways could help elucidate why we have difficulty recovering from a traumatic brain injury: eliminating synaptic redundancies diminishes our ability to develop alternative pathways to bypass the damaged region. Why Is Synaptic Pruning Important for the Developing Brain? 2017-05-29T04:00:00Z Other researchers cautioned that the new findings weren’t definitive proof of the synaptic homeostasis hypothesis. The Purpose of Sleep? To Forget, Scientists Say 2017-02-02T05:00:00Z The results suggest that, in combination with synaptic pruning, a major reason children improve so dramatically in their ability to recognize faces as they age is that their fusiform gyrus continues to develop into adulthood. Surprising brain growth may reveal why we get better at recognizing faces as we age 2017-01-05T05:00:00Z With life experience, depending on a particular person’s trials and errors, the synaptic connections among pairs of neurons get stronger or weaker. The Great A.I. Awakening 2016-12-14T05:00:00Z Here we show that astrocyte morphogenesis in the mouse cortex depends on direct contact with neuronal processes and occurs in parallel with the growth and activity of synaptic circuits. Astrocytic neuroligins control astrocyte morphogenesis and synaptogenesis 2017-11-07T05:00:00Z In addition, many major mental illnesses start to emerge in adolescence, which may be caused by aberrant synaptic pruning. Why Is Synaptic Pruning Important for the Developing Brain? 2017-05-29T04:00:00Z In vesicle cycling, mitochondria are essential for generating ATP, buffering calcium and enabling other functions at the synaptic terminal, and proper axonal trafficking must also be maintained. Defects in trafficking bridge Parkinson's disease pathology and genetics : Nature : Nature Research 2016-11-08T05:00:00Z Owing to the peculiar architecture of neurons, it is a challenge for these cells to alter local gene expression at the synapse in response to neuronal input or changes in the synaptic environment. Decoding ALS: from genes to mechanism : Nature : Nature Research 2016-11-08T05:00:00Z Despite the loss of synapses, excitatory neurons become hyperexcitable, compromising the fidelity of synaptic network connections for long-range communication. The road to restoring neural circuits for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease : Nature : Nature Research 2016-11-08T05:00:00Z However, the molecular means by which the astrocyte initiates and maintains the required morphology to participate in synaptic regulation are not well known. Astrocytic neuroligins control astrocyte morphogenesis and synaptogenesis 2017-11-07T05:00:00Z In 1982 I hypothesized that disordered synaptic pruning could explain the age of onset of schizophrenia, and in 2016 researchers published genetic and experimental evidence supporting this association in Nature. Why Is Synaptic Pruning Important for the Developing Brain? 2017-05-29T04:00:00Z In PD, α-synuclein accumulates inappropriately and too robustly interferes with the priming of synaptic vesicles, which leads to a decrease in the size of the pool of releasable vesicles. Defects in trafficking bridge Parkinson's disease pathology and genetics : Nature : Nature Research 2016-11-08T05:00:00Z That made them “perfect candidates” to conduct early synaptic pruning, Stevens says. This woman may know a secret to saving the brain’s synapses 2016-08-18T04:00:00Z There is abundant evidence to support a physiological role for amyloid-β at the synapse, and the data also suggest that synaptic activity is an important source of amyloid-β in the parenchyma26. The road to restoring neural circuits for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease : Nature : Nature Research 2016-11-08T05:00:00Z The only way to look at synaptic density in the brain, however, is to biopsy nonliving brain tissue. Watching neurons talk in a living brain 2016-07-21T04:00:00Z Stay tuned: Carson's team has begun using the technique to study Alzheimer's, to determine if changes in synaptic density over time can help predict that disease's development. New technique opens window into how brain cells communicate 2016-07-20T04:00:00Z These structures are enriched in filamentous forms of the synaptic protein α-synuclein4, 5 as well as the small regulatory protein ubiquitin. Defects in trafficking bridge Parkinson's disease pathology and genetics : Nature : Nature Research 2016-11-08T05:00:00Z Internally, synaptic connections strengthen to form the association. Is Addiction a Brain Disease? 2016-05-11T04:00:00Z Emerging functions of microglia at synapses suggest that these cells also participate directly in synaptic remodelling77, 105. The road to restoring neural circuits for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease : Nature : Nature Research 2016-11-08T05:00:00Z After comparing PET scan images of SV2A in the baboon brains to autopsies, the researchers decided SV2A was indeed an accurate marker for synaptic density. Watching neurons talk in a living brain 2016-07-21T04:00:00Z The elimination of synaptic connections, which results in the constant refinement of neural circuits, like the soldering and resoldering of wires on a circuit board, is not a feature unique to the visual system. Madness Runs in the Family 2016-03-28T04:00:00Z In vesicle cycling, mitochondria are essential for generating ATP, buffering calcium and enabling other functions at the synaptic terminal, and proper axonal trafficking must also be maintained. Defects in trafficking bridge Parkinson's disease pathology and genetics : Nature : Nature Research 2016-11-08T05:00:00Z This helps explain why schizophrenia often strikes in late adolescence or early adulthood just when the brain’s synaptic connections are being “hard wired.” Genetics and Mental Illness—Let’s Not Get Carried Away 2016-03-03T05:00:00Z Despite the loss of synapses, excitatory neurons become hyperexcitable, compromising the fidelity of synaptic network connections for long-range communication. The road to restoring neural circuits for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease : Nature : Nature Research 2016-11-08T05:00:00Z Multiply that by the 100 trillion synapses in the brain, and you’ve got an accurate picture of synaptic density. Watching neurons talk in a living brain 2016-07-21T04:00:00Z It was, in short, intimately linked to the same immunological factors that Beth Stevens, across the street, had implicated in synaptic pruning. Madness Runs in the Family 2016-03-28T04:00:00Z In PD, α-synuclein accumulates inappropriately and too robustly interferes with the priming of synaptic vesicles, which leads to a decrease in the size of the pool of releasable vesicles. Defects in trafficking bridge Parkinson's disease pathology and genetics : Nature : Nature Research 2016-11-08T05:00:00Z “The underlying synaptic structure of those neurons is being degraded,” says Baxter. Ageing: Restoration project : Nature : Nature Publishing Group 2016-03-01T05:00:00Z Calcium is a crucial mediator of many intracellular events and calcium levels regulate synaptic plasticity and signal propagation91. The road to restoring neural circuits for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease : Nature : Nature Research 2016-11-08T05:00:00Z The condition causes seizures through the loss of synaptic firing in the same area every time. Watching neurons talk in a living brain 2016-07-21T04:00:00Z The researchers explained that typical brain development for teens includes a process called "synaptic pruning." Pot Habit Early in Life May Alter Brain, Study Suggests 2016-02-26T05:00:00Z Scientists at Yale University found that ketamine not only improved depression-like behavior in rats but also promoted the growth of new synaptic connections between neurons in the brain. A one-time party drug is helping people with deep depression 2016-02-01T05:00:00Z Similar to the altered synapses that Baxter's colleagues saw in the monkey's temporal lobes, ageing monkeys with declining working memory have an altered synaptic environment in the prefrontal cortex. Ageing: Restoration project : Nature : Nature Publishing Group 2016-03-01T05:00:00Z In other words schizophrenics may be producing too much of a protein that creates a signal that synaptic connections should be removed. Brain gains 2016-01-27T05:00:00Z Higher synaptic density means more signals are being sent successfully. Watching neurons talk in a living brain 2016-07-21T04:00:00Z It seems to obstruct the natural process by which the body eliminates unneeded neurons and synaptic connections, the researchers reported. Pot Habit Early in Life May Alter Brain, Study Suggests 2016-02-26T05:00:00Z However, the research team learned that the C4 gene also "moonlights" in synaptic pruning, playing a role in the process by tagging synapses for elimination, McCarroll said. Scientists Uncover Clues to Origins of Schizophrenia 2016-01-27T05:00:00Z That risk, they found, is tied to a natural process called synaptic pruning, in which the brain sheds weak or redundant connections between neurons as it matures. Scientists Move Closer to Understanding Schizophrenia’s Cause 2016-01-27T05:00:00Z The researchers believe it’s possible that exercise leads to greater neurogenesis—the development of nervous tissue, as well as more synaptic plasticity—the ability of the brain’s neural pathways to keep changing and growing. Too Much TV as a Young Adult May Damage the Brain by Midlife 2015-12-02T05:00:00Z To confirm the results in humans, the researchers used synaptic density imaging to look at the brains of people with temporal lobe epilepsy. Watching neurons talk in a living brain 2016-07-21T04:00:00Z At a cellular level, synaptic connections are formed and strengthened, weakened and broken, to encode the learning into a neural circuit that controls behavior. Why Binge Drinking May Wire the Brain for Alcohol Dependence 2015-10-23T04:00:00Z The researchers found that this protective tag is highly expressed in the visual system in mice at five days after birth, when synaptic pruning peaks. Rise of the Microglia 2015-10-23T04:00:00Z If the new study shows anything, it is that synaptic pruning is a delicate, exquisitely timed process, and that it is still poorly understood. Scientists Move Closer to Understanding Schizophrenia’s Cause 2016-01-27T05:00:00Z Memories are commonly thought to be largely stored in the patterns of synaptic connections between neurons, which in turn shape the electrical activities of the neurons. Will You Ever Be Able to Upload Your Brain? 2015-10-10T04:00:00Z It was apparent that more prominent microvacuolar change and synaptic labelling for abnormal prion protein was more intense in the pre-central gyrus and parietal lobe when compared to the anterior frontal and occipital cortices. Evidence for human transmission of amyloid-[bgr] pathology and cerebral amyloid angiopathy : Nature : Nature Publishing Group 2015-09-08T04:00:00Z He provided, for the wild synaptic activity of his protégés, the framework. How Ralph Waldo Emerson Changed American Poetry 2015-09-07T04:00:00Z His lab found that removing the receptor for fractalkine created an overabundance of weak synaptic contacts caused by deficient synaptic pruning during development in the hippocampus, a brain area involved in learning and memory. Rise of the Microglia 2015-10-23T04:00:00Z In normal ageing, the genes that control this “synaptic plasticity” become less active. Can we reverse the ageing process by putting young blood into older people? | Ian Sample 2015-08-04T04:00:00Z Each neuron makes a treelike branching structure that reaches out to receive synaptic input from other neurons, as a tree’s branches reach out to sunlight. Will You Ever Be Able to Upload Your Brain? 2015-10-10T04:00:00Z Immunostaining for the abnormal prion protein revealed synaptic labelling in all grey matter areas examined. Evidence for human transmission of amyloid-[bgr] pathology and cerebral amyloid angiopathy : Nature : Nature Publishing Group 2015-09-08T04:00:00Z “But too much synaptic excitation is poisonous–it damages cells,” says Gerdeman. The Great Pot Experiment 0002-11-29T05:00:00Z Clear or hazy, bright or dim, my recollections are private, mine alone, and written in synaptic smoke, not subject to verification by instant replay. Remembrance of Things Lost 2015-04-01T04:00:00Z They also found that these culprit genes are involved in various essential human neurological functions within the PFC, including the synaptic transmission of the neurotransmitter GABA. Why Don't Animals Get Schizophrenia (and How Come We do)? 2015-03-24T04:00:00Z The branches, called dendrites, differ in their sensitivity to synaptic input, with the molecular composition as well as shape of a dendrite determining how it would respond to the electrical input it receives from synapses. Will You Ever Be Able to Upload Your Brain? 2015-10-10T04:00:00Z In the dentate nucleus variably intense synaptic prion protein immunoreactivity was present, while the cyto-architecture of the nucleus was well preserved. Evidence for human transmission of amyloid-[bgr] pathology and cerebral amyloid angiopathy : Nature : Nature Publishing Group 2015-09-08T04:00:00Z They were meant to accompany an article about psychology, and Mr. Laforet thought that the grid of the city, and the pulsing lights of cars shuttling about it, resembled the synaptic wiring of our brains. Capturing the Night in Digital Photos, Spectacularly 2015-03-18T04:00:00Z It is starting afresh, with a focus on how the brain and its trillions of synaptic connections work. Redefining Mental Illness 2015-01-17T05:00:00Z There are vast, and frankly, disturbing implications arising from the view that the human experience is collapsible into sets of synaptic discharge. Sebastian Seung’s Quest to Map the Human Brain 2015-01-08T05:00:00Z He said the landscape of the brain is more than just a series of neuronal highways marked by synaptic exits and entrances. Brainstormers: Obama’s big research push kicks off with a meeting of the minds 2015-01-02T05:00:00Z Eye and sphincter motor neurons, however, do not receive synaptic connections from these specialized sensory neurons and instead get their signals from different neurons. First ALS Ice Bucket Funds Target Genes, Inflammation 2014-10-16T04:00:00Z He does not mention that this new ecological niche was also especially welcoming to his own style of comedy: deadpan, off‑the‑cuff, reactive, full of jarring interruptions and synaptic leaps. Only When I Laugh by Paul Merton review – 'no self-pity or special pleading' 2014-09-25T04:00:00Z Neuroscientists reported Thursday that, at least in lab mice, a drug that restores the healthy “synaptic pruning” that normally occurs during brain development also reverses autistic-like behaviors such as avoiding social interaction. Researchers reverse autism symptoms in mice by paring extra synapses Platt, 31, had worked at various facilities for 10 years before being caught with a packet of synaptic stimulant zolpilam wrapped in paper towels and concealed in her shoe. Inside alternate universe America's ban on sleep 2014-08-18T04:00:00Z Identifying synaptic connections is further complicated by the fact that while the genome is essentially fixed, the brain is changing constantly. Brainstormers: Obama’s big research push kicks off with a meeting of the minds 2015-01-02T05:00:00Z "Basically it tells you sleep promotes new synaptic connections, so preserve your sleep." Sleep's memory role discovered 2014-06-05T04:00:00Z “We were surprised that we were able to see a difference between depressed and resilient animals at the level of synaptic transmission,” says Li. Depressed mice have excitable neurons 2014-05-27T04:00:00Z In the autistic brains, synaptic density was more than 50 percent higher than that in healthy brains — and sometimes two-thirds greater. Researchers reverse autism symptoms in mice by paring extra synapses Over a period ranging from months to years, the disconnected fiber leads to the death of the entire nerve cell—of which the synaptic nerve fiber is just a long extension. Just 1 Rock Concert or Football Game May Cause Permanent Hearing Damage 2014-04-14T12:40:38Z Chemically induced long-term potentiation prompts transient mRNA unmasking, which depends on factors active during synaptic activity. [Report] Single β-Actin mRNA Detection in Neurons Reveals a Mechanism for Regulating Its Translatability 2014-01-23T19:26:29.079Z If the organism has many neurons and is richly endowed with synaptic connections, &PHgr; will be high. Is Consciousness Universal? 2014-01-01T05:45:00.400Z To give his team some extra motivation, Rothman preemptively named a significant complex of proteins they hadn’t discovered yet, but expected to: The complex that hooked incoming synaptic vesicles onto the surfaces of receiving neurons. The Search for a Nobel Prize-Winning Synapse Machine 2013-12-10T16:45:18.091Z Precise connections established between synaptic partners are essential for the proper function of neural circuits. [Essay] Assembly of a Neural Circuit 2013-12-05T18:56:29.881Z These are specialised molecules that cross the synaptic gap and stimulate the second nerve cell. The 2013 Nobel prizes: Higgs’s bosuns 2013-10-10T15:00:39Z The binding interaction triggers a signaling cascade that compromises the actin cytoskeleton of neurons and ultimately causes synaptic loss in a mouse model of AD. [Perspective] Promiscuous Alzheimer's Amyloid: Yet Another Partner 2013-09-19T17:56:20.077Z Ensheath synapses, regulate neuronal excitability and synaptic transmission.Respond to injury by secreting extracellular matrix proteins.Implicated in neurogenesis, cell migration, and many neurological and psychiatric disorders. Neuroscience: Map the other brain 2013-09-05T20:20:29.767Z As they began their search for SNARE, Rothman and his team isolated synaptic vesicles from living human neurons, and set about trying to reproduce the vesicle transmission process artificially. The Search for a Nobel Prize-Winning Synapse Machine 2013-12-10T16:45:18.091Z Through his counting, he established a startling fact: that in the first year of life there is an explosion of synaptic activity. Peter Huttenlocher, Explorer of the Brain’s Development, Dies at 82 2013-08-27T02:57:19Z In short, the authors propose that sleep is essential for synaptic homeostasis, a restoring of brain cells to a baseline state. Sleep Is the Brain's Way of Staying in Balance [VIDEO] 2013-08-07T13:45:00.553Z You could think of mature oligodendrocytes as your brain’s electrical contractors: These glial cells sheath your neurons’ connective cables in the insulator protein myelin, which keeps synaptic signaling fast and efficient. A Secret Society of Cells Runs Your Brain 2013-06-24T22:45:05.087Z To take one example, there is a genetic variant called arouser in Drosophila which increases the number of synaptic connections, and makes them more tolerant of alcohol - in other words, turns them into alcoholics. A Point Of View: Fly, Fish, Mouse and Worm 2013-06-14T16:55:00Z At first glance, yeast growth might not exactly sound like a game-changing research topic – let alone one that’d turn out to have anything to do with synaptic transmission in the human brain. The Search for a Nobel Prize-Winning Synapse Machine 2013-12-10T16:45:18.091Z On top of this complexity, every neuron in a brain is constantly learning, adapting, fine-tuning its sensitivity, tinkering with its synaptic connections – rarely wired the same way from one day to the next. Why Brain-Mapping Efforts Matter - Even If They Don t Succeed 2013-03-18T13:45:00.420Z This influence on synaptic transmission is significant, because the basis of learning and memory is the formation and breaking of connections between neurons in networks that encode different sensory experiences. Human Brain Cells Make Mice Smart 2013-03-07T17:45:00.740Z In fact, he was one of the first scientists to observe synaptic connections between neurons and oligodendrocyte precursors, way back in his postdoctoral research days. A Secret Society of Cells Runs Your Brain 2013-06-24T22:45:05.087Z Analysis of pyramidal neurons revealed that cortical deficits were associated with impaired expansion of the dendritic arbor and reduced synaptic density. [Research Articles] Prenatal Cerebral Ischemia Disrupts MRI-Defined Cortical Microstructure Through Disturbances in Neuronal Arborization 2013-01-16T20:25:08.363Z “I was intrigued by the question of how neurotransmitter messages pass from one neuron to another,” Südhof says, “so my first postgraduate research project was to try to clone and purify synaptic vesicle proteins.” The Search for a Nobel Prize-Winning Synapse Machine 2013-12-10T16:45:18.091Z And what is the nature of the chemical messages neurons send and receive once the synaptic connections are made? The Nerve-Growth Factor: A New Tool for Manipulating Neurons 2013-01-03T11:15:00.190Z The ability of astrocytes to boost or diminish the strength of synaptic transmission provides the opportunity for these glial cells to participate in learning and other cognitive processes. Human Brain Cells Make Mice Smart 2013-03-07T17:45:00.740Z The other main contender is something called “synaptic homeostasis”. Sleep On It 2012-11-20T14:45:00.323Z And tomorrow, you'll wake up on R&R, unaware of the synaptic pruning. Let slip the dogs 2012-11-14T18:22:03.940Z Dopamine depletion induced a rapid sprouting of FSI axons and a doubling of their synaptic contacts selectively onto indirect pathway neurons. [Essay] Eppendorf Finalist: Striatal Interneurons: Causes of or Cures for Movement Disorders? 2012-10-04T17:56:00.157Z The male C. elegans connectome also features a crucial piece of information missing from the original draft of its counterpart: synaptic weights. The Connectome Debate: Is Mapping the Mind of a Worm Worth It? 2012-10-02T17:15:05.237Z This fundamental phenomenon of repetitive firing strengthening synaptic connections is thought to be the cellular basis for memory, just as repetition in learning helps form lasting memories. Human Brain Cells Make Mice Smart 2013-03-07T17:45:00.740Z In fact, it’s quite likely that both processes occur, with synaptic downscaling ensuring that overall, the brain’s capacity to encode new information is refreshed, while system consolidation actively strengthens specific, presumably important, memories. Sleep On It 2012-11-20T14:45:00.323Z The key thing is that the network activity in the brain emerges from the activity of whatever synaptic connections are active at any given time. Assembling an Avenger - Inside the Brain of Iron Man 2012-09-26T23:15:00.410Z Patients with FXS exhibit changes in neuronal dendritic spine morphology, a pathology associated with altered synaptic function. [Research Articles] Reversal of Disease-Related Pathologies in the Fragile X Mouse Model by Selective Activation of GABAB Receptors with Arbaclofen 2012-09-19T18:25:08.940Z In the mice, the overabundance of these receptors led the neurons to make synaptic connections in the wrong places. Rewiring the Autistic Brain 2012-09-13T20:00:00Z Some of the key differences, they note, center around brain development and synaptic connectivity. New DNA Analysis Shows Ancient Humans Interbred with Denisovans 2012-08-30T23:15:00.443Z It is "tempting to speculate that crucial aspects of synaptic transmission may have changed in modern humans," the team wrote. Genome Brings Ancient Girl to Life 2012-08-30T20:02:00Z And here’s what’s strange about the way these cells communicate: They respond not to any single synaptic signal, but to the overall chemical “vibe” of their environment – to chronic feelings of stress, for instance. What Your Neural Stem Cells Aren't Telling You 2012-08-15T14:15:00.407Z But they’re too grounded in space and time, too organized and linear, too collaborative and professional to deliver the synaptic frisson available from the stream-of-consciousness image blog. Riff: Pinterest, Tumblr and the Trouble With ‘Curation’ 2012-07-20T15:22:00Z Tumors resembled human neuroblastomas in morphology, metastasis pattern, gene expression, and the presence of neurosecretory vesicles as well as synaptic structures. [Research Articles] Targeted Expression of Mutated ALK Induces Neuroblastoma in Transgenic Mice 2012-07-04T18:25:08.700Z Markram was one of the first to investigate the sequential version of Hebb's rule in a systematic way, by varying the time delay between the spiking of the two neurons when inducing synaptic plasticity. Another Perspective on Massive Brain Simulations 2012-06-11T16:15:00.407Z Blast exposure induced persistent hippocampal-dependent learning and memory deficits that persisted for at least 1 month and correlated with impaired axonal conduction and defective activity-dependent long-term potentiation of synaptic transmission. [Research Articles] Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy in Blast-Exposed Military Veterans and a Blast Neurotrauma Mouse Model 2012-05-16T18:55:08.490Z Long-term memory involves enduring changes that result from the growth of new synaptic connections. A Conversation With Eric R. Kandel: A Quest to Understand How Memory Works 2012-03-05T23:19:54Z Ideally, neuroscientists would like to trace the actual “wiring” of the brain: the dendrites and axons that form the synaptic connections between neurons. The Age of Connectome: Q&A with Sebastian Seung 2012-02-27T13:45:00.230Z “Timing is crucial in learning from the synaptic levels--connections between neurons--to long-time scales, like months and years.” How the Brain Learns 2012-02-24T15:07:00Z She also brings in stress. Here, too, she is correct: where you will see the effect of the synaptic bonds most openly is under highly emotional conditions. How a Book about the Future Inspired Me to Look into the Neural Underpinnings of the Past 2012-02-09T17:15:05.247Z In drbp mutants, Ca channel clustering and Ca influx were impaired, and synaptic release probability was drastically reduced. [Report] RIM-Binding Protein, a Central Part of the Active Zone, Is Essential for Neurotransmitter Release 2011-12-15T18:56:52.293Z The reason for that was that long-term memory alters the expression of genes in nerve cells, which is the cause of the growth of new synaptic connections. A Conversation With Eric R. Kandel: A Quest to Understand How Memory Works 2012-03-05T23:19:54Z Every time you are introduced to Joe, these sets of neurons fire simultaneously, strengthening the synaptic pathway that connects them. How does our brain learn new information? 2011-11-08T15:45:02.620Z Dendrites introduce a spatial dimension to synaptic integration, with synapses activated all over the dendritic tree. [Essay] Eppendorf Winner: The Language of Dendrites 2011-11-03T18:55:37.813Z Possibly because of the intense synaptic activity that goes on in their highly active, highly connected brains, young children are less able to tolerate long periods of time awake. 18 and Under: A Child?s Nap Is More Complicated Than It Looks 2011-09-12T17:48:59Z Rather, cognitive computers are expected to learn through experiences, find correlations, create hypotheses, and remember – and learn from – the outcomes, mimicking the brains structural and synaptic plasticity.” Is IBM Building a Computer That Thinks Like a Human? 2011-08-23T12:34:55Z The brain's capacity to rewire itself, a property known as plasticity, depends on the ability to build and stabilize new synaptic connections. Genetics: Finding risk factors 2011-07-13T17:21:16.613Z Mr. Maris takes a more mystical approach, holding forth on William Blake-inspired eidetic hallucinations, synaptic reflexes and the King Crimson records that changed his life. City Room: Downtown and Underground, an Avant-Garde Musical Outpost 2011-05-27T13:46:21Z I found that distal regions amplified synaptic input with high gain, displaying a very steep sigmoidal input-output function, and were remarkably insensitive to input timing. [Essay] Eppendorf Winner: The Language of Dendrites 2011-11-03T18:55:37.813Z To confirm that the formation of the synaptic structures was involved in memory precision, Caroni's group put mice that lacked a protein necessary to form the synaptic connections through the same shock treatments. Structural 'Traces' in Brain Help to Keep Memories Precise 2011-05-03T21:15:04.530Z Sleep seems to be a time of recalibrating synaptic activity in the brain, so he wants to determine whether napping neurons in an awake brain are protective, restorative or just plain harmful. Surreptitious Sleep States Uncovered 2011-04-27T21:15:00.460Z This in turn requires cholesterol, and mice that lack ApoE or express the APOE4 variant exhibit dramatic problems in the repair of synaptic damage. Genetics: Finding risk factors 2011-07-13T17:21:16.613Z All forms of learning and memory rely on synaptic plasticity, the ability of the brain to tweak the connections between neurons. Mouse Study Suggests Why Addictions Are Hard to Forget 2011-04-27T11:15:00.243Z Can neurons distinguish between different sequences of synaptic input? [Essay] Eppendorf Winner: The Language of Dendrites 2011-11-03T18:55:37.813Z Like a sculptor patiently releasing a Venus de Milo or Pietà out of blocks of marble, the learning algorithms of the brain sculpt the synaptic fields in which concept neurons are embedded. Being John Malkovich: Personal Control of Individual Brain Cells 2011-04-04T14:15:04.497Z If true he believes it should be possible to develop treatments that restore synaptic function, regardless of which protein is defective in a specific individual. Protein in brain linked to autism 2011-03-20T19:15:59Z First of all, you are creating new synaptic connections with every new activity you engage in. You Can Increase Your Intelligence: 5 Ways to Maximize Your Cognitive Potential 2011-03-07T17:15:00.513Z Differences and details A 2005 study of ethanol exposure in mice did not find enhancement of synaptic plasticity. Mouse Study Suggests Why Addictions Are Hard to Forget 2011-04-27T11:15:00.243Z Long-term memories require building new synaptic structures, including making existing synapses more sensitive to neurotransmitter by simply adding more and different kinds of neurotransmitter receptors to the synapses. A Pill to Remember 2011-03-04T23:15:00.840Z "What will be tough is finding the needle of a specific memory in the synaptic haystack of a human brain." Enzyme Can Strengthen Old Memories 2011-03-04T00:45:00.450Z In October researchers at Columbia University reported that young mice predisposed to acquiring Alzheimer’s accumulate protein clusters in synaptic mitochondria and that these clusters directly impair synapse function. A Case of Low Energy: The Link between Alzheimer's and Mitochondria 2011-02-02T14:15:00.237Z Glutamate receptor subtypes mediating synaptic activation of prefrontal cortex neurons: Relevance for schizophrenia. [Editors' Choice] Excited to Madness 2011-01-19T22:55:26.410Z In fact, compared with ethanol, which enhances synaptic plasticity only after long-term use, "stress can do the same job more rapidly," Morikawa says. Mouse Study Suggests Why Addictions Are Hard to Forget 2011-04-27T11:15:00.243Z Forging this network is a dynamic process, involving proteins at the synaptic cleft that function in the formation, maturation, and remodeling of these connections. Editors' Choice 2011-01-13T19:25:02.660Z The research team, led by Seth Grant of the Sanger Institute near Cambridge, England, compiled the first exact inventory of all the protein components of the synaptic information-processing machinery. In Map of Brain Junction, Avenues to Answers 2010-12-21T00:36:08Z But no one knew how, exactly, mitochondria were linked to synaptic problems, if at all. A Case of Low Energy: The Link between Alzheimer's and Mitochondria 2011-02-02T14:15:00.237Z Knowing that brain performance changes throughout the day, researchers believe that daily cycles and sleep regulate “synaptic plasticity”—the ability of synapses to change strength and even form and erase. Number of Synapses Shown to Vary Between Night and Day in Study of Zebrafish 2010-10-08T20:22:00Z The heightened potential for synaptic plasticity was temporary, lasting between a week and a month after ethanol injections stopped, according to the researchers. Mouse Study Suggests Why Addictions Are Hard to Forget 2011-04-27T11:15:00.243Z The authors propose that too much SynCAM1 may stabilize synapses to an extent that prevents the elimination of ineffective connections, a pruning process that supports synaptic plasticity. Editors' Choice 2011-01-13T19:25:02.660Z Not ideal, but perhaps adequate in lowering the synaptic noise enough to encourage learning and the moderation of the kind of synaptic traffic jams that in fragile X children can lead to seizures. Promise Seen in Drug for Retardation Syndrome 2010-04-30T02:14:00Z The final problem is one of improving synaptic potentials and actual tissue tone in the brain. The Mind Digger Time-travel always raises the synaptic delay threshold, but the trouble is it's so variable. The Ego Machine And the spongy centers of synaptic cell-clusters horrified him, recalling too vividly to mind what he knew of the physical human brain. We're Friends, Now The surprise was that activity-dependent decreases in synaptic strength were impaired when SynCAM1 expression was increased, indicating a loss of this plasticity mechanism when there are more neuronal connections. Editors' Choice 2011-01-13T19:25:02.660Z Work since then has found that fragile X patients seem to experience an overload of unchecked synaptic noise — synapses being the junctions between brain neurons. Promise Seen in Drug for Retardation Syndrome 2010-04-30T02:14:00Z One thing remained, unasked and unbeknownst, grooved with synaptic permanence in their burgeoning brains. The Beginning Curarized muscle preparation: Expected results: a synaptic block with no response of nerve when stimulated. On Handling the Data It explains the trouble we were having in recent months in getting total synaptic clearance! We're Friends, Now Then all at once he felt charged as if by a synaptic tingle, a stirring in his fingertip that shot up to his brain. Undo, a Novel By Joe Hutsko The little man stood in front of the monstrous machine as the synaptic drone heightened to a scream. We're Friends, Now |
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