| 单词 | surface soil |
| 例句 | They macerate and digest the leaves, and aid in mixing the decomposed matter with the surface soil. Silent Spring 1962-09-27T00:00:00Z That’s because traditional soil analysis, aimed at cash crops such as corn, looks only at the surface soil. Does the vineyard’s dirt really affect the taste of what’s in your glass? 2016-01-15T05:00:00Z It was a ritual cleanings of more than surface soil. Dragonsong: The Unforgettable Anne McCaffrey 2011-11-30T16:30:35Z Using these 'indicator' microbes and their DNA sequences, the team tested the surface soil at an exploration site in the Northwest Territories where kimberlite had previously been confirmed through drilling. Biological fingerprints in soil show where diamond-containing ore is buried 2023-10-24T04:00:00Z "Microbes, especially those in the surface soil, perform a number of really key ecosystem processes, like carbon and nitrogen cycling." By air, rain and land: How microbes return after a wildfire 2023-09-25T04:00:00Z In September 2022, the Houston Health Department announced that testing of surface soil samples from around the Union Pacific rail yard found dioxin, a highly toxic chemical compound associated with cancer and other health risks. Houston to spend millions to relocate residents living near polluted Union Pacific rail yard 2023-07-13T04:00:00Z Vinyl chloride, butyl acrylate, ethylhexyl acrylate and ethylene glycol monobutyl are among the substances that were released into the air, surface water and surface soil, the Environmental Protection Agency said. After Chemical Burn, Farm Owners Worry About a Cherished Way of Life 2023-02-22T05:00:00Z In a letter sent to Norfolk Southern on Friday, however, the EPA said the chemicals carried on the train “continue to be released to the air, surface soils and surface waters.” ‘Amtrak Joe’ and ‘Mayor Pete’ miss the mark on Ohio train derailment 2023-02-14T05:00:00Z Researchers have identified buried kimberlite, the rocky home of diamonds, by testing the DNA of microbes in the surface soil. Biological fingerprints in soil show where diamond-containing ore is buried 2023-10-24T04:00:00Z Chemicals including vinyl chloride, butyl acrylate, ethylhexyl acrylate and ethylene glycol monobutyl ethers were “known to have been and continue to be” released to the air, surface soil and surface waters, the E.P.A. said. What We Know About the Train Derailment in Ohio 2023-02-13T05:00:00Z Allow the surface soil to dry before watering to avoid root rot. Houseplants that thrive in low light, from Aspidistra to ZZ 2022-01-29T05:00:00Z With air temperatures and surface soils warming from climate change, scientists are also keen to learn how the creatures are responding. WIDER IMAGE Getting up close with cicadas to find climate change clues 2021-05-26T04:00:00Z The Zhurong rover is due to study the planet's surface soil and atmosphere. China's Zhurong rover takes first drive on Mars 2021-05-22T04:00:00Z In 2008, the EPA removed elevated levels of lead in surface soils in residential properties in the area. Internal report cites HUD for lead poisoning in East Chicago, Ind., children. More could be at risk. 2021-02-17T05:00:00Z The limited surface soil samples were analysed in labs at the world-leading environmental research centre, the James Hutton Institute in Aberdeen. Parents ‘in limbo’ ahead of school review findings 2019-08-06T04:00:00Z Via chemical processes and interactions, the climate conditions are “recorded” in the surface soil at the time and eventually buried. An ancient lake holds secrets to the Mayan civilization’s mysterious collapse, study finds 2018-08-02T04:00:00Z In early March, the EPA published the latest test results from Minden, which included 37 surface soil samples and 27 sediment samples from Arbuckle Creek. A toxic town, a search for answers 2018-07-23T04:00:00Z Even so, plutonium has been found in the refuge’s surface soil, sometimes above background levels. The area around Rocky Flats nuclear plant may soon open to the public — and some say that's a disaster in the making 2018-07-24T04:00:00Z The team's best explanation is that methane is seeping up from underground, perhaps from stored ices, and is then being released when surface soils are warmed. Curiosity sees Mars methane swing 2018-06-07T04:00:00Z They macerate and digest the leaves, and help to mix the decomposed matter with the surface soil. Silent Spring—I 2017-01-03T05:00:00Z Next year, Chang'e-5 will land, scrape up surface soil and rocks, drill down 2 meters for samples, and return the haul to Earth, all within 2 weeks or so. Q&A: China lunar chief plots voyage to far side of moon 2016-07-21T04:00:00Z The letter concludes that “no further action is necessary with regards to the metals in surface soils at the Jordan Downs housing development.” Tests find acceptable lead levels in Jordan Downs soil, regulators say 2014-09-18T04:00:00Z The North Carolina Extension Service suggests raking the mounds smooth from time to time, creating drainage to leave surface soil less soggy, or just appreciating crawfish as one would an “interesting bird or turtle.” Crawfish castles in lawns can be irritating 2014-07-05T04:00:00Z Under the surface soil, known as regolith, it found a layer of debris from a crater-forming impact and two layers of lava flows, made of basalt. China's lunar rover limps into another long night 2014-06-19T04:00:00Z The remaining soil contamination is located several feet below uncontaminated surface soil. Good News for Pall: Agency for Toxic Substances Ignores 1,4 Dioxane Pollution 2013-03-20T04:10:19Z Ditto with surface soils; once spilled, the dilbit became heavier and thicker as the diluting component of the mix evaporated into the air. Will Canada s Proposed Tar Sands Oil Pipeline Muck Up Its Pacific Coast? 2013-03-05T18:45:09.870Z Radioactive materials like cesium are brought back to the surface soil each year by plant growth and pollination. Green Blog: Fukushima vs. Chernobyl: How Have Animals Fared? 2012-07-12T13:58:20Z The nature of the subsoil is of scarcely less importance than that of the surface soil. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 13, Slice 7 "Horticulture" to "Hudson Bay" 2012-03-04T03:00:13.390Z It is especially present in peat bogs, and also occurs in surface soils, to which it imparts a brown or black colour. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 13, Slice 8 "Hudson River" to "Hurstmonceaux" 2012-02-24T03:00:27.173Z All such materials as sand, clay, chalk, etc., and most surface soils are fairly good insulators when very dry, but conduct in virtue of moisture present in them. Hertzian Wave Wireless Telegraphy 2012-01-09T03:00:20.570Z Mellowing the surface soil about the trees, thus keeping it free from grass and weeds, is then the most that is needed. Scientific American, Vol. XLIII.?No. 1. [New Series.], July 3, 1880 A Weekly Journal Of Practical Information, Art, Science, Mechanics, Chemistry, And Manufactures 2012-01-05T03:00:30.823Z Nitrates are continually being produced in surface soils, &c., by the oxidation of nitrogenous substances. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 12, Slice 6 "Groups, Theory of" to "Gwyniad" 2011-12-16T03:00:12.320Z The water of the surface soil drains rapidly down into these loose beds, and passes off by subterranean channels to some unknown point of discharge; but this circumstance alone is not a sufficient solution. Man and Nature or, Physical Geography as Modified by Human Action 2011-11-11T03:00:34.027Z In the neighbourhood of Yuhuts, and all along the coast as far west as Horobets, pumice forms the surface soil, showing that in former days frequent eruptions must have taken place. Alone with the Hairy Ainu or, 3,800 miles on a pack saddle in Yezo and a cruise to the Kurile Islands. 2011-10-30T02:00:10.270Z The soft limestone underlying this region is covered, in the uplands, with grey, sandy soils, which have a subsoil of loam; in the lowlands the surface soils are loams, the subsoils clays. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 11, Slice 7 "Geoponici" to "Germany" 2011-09-26T02:00:25.313Z How could we prove from the examination of the surface soil of any country that those creatures had once abounded there? Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 11, Slice 6 "Geodesy" to "Geometry" 2011-09-19T02:00:10.473Z At some remote period a cleft had been riven in the solid rock and the intertwined roots above prevented the caving in of the surface soil. The Secret Toll 2011-09-12T02:00:26.853Z This, geologically speaking, is called surface soil, and is here about two feet deep. Sea-Weeds, Shells and Fossils 2011-08-20T02:00:11.557Z Here in the prefecture’s capital and elsewhere, workers are removing the surface soil from schoolyards contaminated with radioactive particles from the nuclear plant. Japan Hid Radiation Path, Leaving Evacuees in Peril 2011-08-09T01:30:48Z In the Piedmont Plateau and Appalachian Mountains Regions the surface soil is generally sandy, but in considerable areas the subsoil is a red clay derived largely from the decomposition of hornblende. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 11, Slice 7 "Geoponici" to "Germany" 2011-09-26T02:00:25.313Z Pebbles of common quartz, granite, and greenstone, are found in the surface soil, and are also to be observed, in accumulated masses, in the beds of brooks. Scenes and Andventures in the Semi-Alpine Region of the Ozark Mountains of Missouri and Arkansas 2011-07-10T02:00:18.883Z Fortunately, we found a spot close by, where the stones and rock underneath the surface soil were more or less loose and detached. Blanco y Colorado Old Days among the Gauchos of Uruguay 2011-06-28T02:00:11.447Z Motmots were nesting in burrows dug in the layer of surface soil. Summer Birds From the Yucatan Peninsula 2011-06-21T02:00:27.783Z But Koriyama went further than the government’s mandates, removing the surface soil from its schools before national directives and imposing tougher inspection standards than those set by the country’s education officials. Japan Hid Radiation Path, Leaving Evacuees in Peril 2011-08-09T01:30:48Z In order to effect the construction of an earth-covered house, a circle of the desired diameter was stripped off from the surface soil. A Book Written by the Spirits of the So-Called Dead 2011-05-03T02:00:17.413Z Above this, constituting the top layer, or surface soil, rests a bed of diluvial materials, filled with broken-down fragments of rock, masses of radiated quartz, and chips of hornstone. Scenes and Andventures in the Semi-Alpine Region of the Ozark Mountains of Missouri and Arkansas 2011-07-10T02:00:18.883Z The men I talked to attributed the trouble to too much harrowing; they said the surface soil was scratched so fine that it simply wouldn't hold. Abroad at Home American Ramblings, Observations, and Adventures of Julian Street 2011-04-27T02:00:23.800Z Continual clean weeding on such areas will lead eventually to a great loss of the surface soil, unless some precautions are adopted for catching and retaining the fine silt particles. The Preparation of Plantation Rubber 2011-03-09T03:00:40.870Z Although it thus drains the surface soil, it is not dependent upon these upper layers for food, for its much-branched roots extend very deeply in the porous soils it prefers. Wayside and Woodland Trees A pocket guide to the British sylva 2010-12-25T03:00:16.510Z About one square kilometer of surface soil, some of it with artifacts, “got removed one way or another,” Dr. Stone said. A Project to Reclaim Ancient Babylon, After Years of Abuse 2010-03-22T20:51:00Z The slopes will also be sown with creeping grasses and other plants, which will bind down the surface soil. The Panama Canal A history and description of the enterprise In our northern range of downs where the strata are vertical the layers of flint in the Upper Chalk run out on the top of the downs, only covered with a thin surface soil. The Geological Story of the Isle of Wight And third, by removing the surface soil in which the cocoons are buried, and all dead wood, during the winter. Roses and Rose Growing The Beech appears to gain this advantage through rooting in the surface soil, and, exhausting it of food elements, suffers none to penetrate to the lower strata, where the Oak has its roots. Wayside and Woodland Trees A pocket guide to the British sylva 2010-12-25T03:00:16.510Z The rain in its passage through the air takes up carbonic acid, and it is still further charged with it in percolating through the surface soil in which there is decomposing vegetable matter. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 5, Slice 5 "Cat" to "Celt" It creates a blanket of dry surface soil which insulates the soil moisture from the air above. A Living from the Land It is probable that these flakes would be found more or less along the range of downs under the surface soil. The Geological Story of the Isle of Wight The rain falls, generally, in heavy and sudden storms, and frequently washes away the surface soil. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 5, Slice 2 "Camorra" to "Cape Colony" Mr Kruger’s ideas of government are to divide the people into two classes—those who get their living from the surface soil and those who get it underground. Through South Africa His Visit to Rhodesia, the Transvaal, Cape Colony, Natal On its now warm surface soil formed and plants grew. The Dark Goddess Everywhere, on our way, we saw traces of the tempest, in trees uprooted and torn, houses unroofed, fields devastated and almost entirely deprived of their surface soil. Travels in Tartary, Thibet, and China During the years 1844-5-6. Volume 1 [of 2] Below the surface soil lie the rocks of the Quaternary Period, which included the drift laid down by the receding glaciers and the floods that followed the melting of the ice-sheet. Earth and Sky Every Child Should Know Easy studies of the earth and the stars for any time and place Manuring is but rarely practised and ploughing is confined to lightly turning the surface soil with a wooden plough, and this not every year. Notes on Agriculture in Cyprus and Its Products Wells are too frequently insufficiently protected from surface leachings, and consequently may contain all kinds of organisms found in the surface soil. Outlines of dairy bacteriology A concise manual for the use of students in dairying It had been early cleared, no doubt, of trees, and the light surface soil practically exhausted by cultivation. Garden and Forest Weekly, Volume 1 No. 1, February 29, 1888 I prefer hilltop having a drift soil, but the subsoil is of more importance than the surface soil. The Apple Suppose we had no beds of clay, but only sand and gravel under the surface soil. Earth and Sky Every Child Should Know Easy studies of the earth and the stars for any time and place The bones lie thick on the surface soil. Through Our Unknown Southwest When the subsoil is very light and poor and deficient in humus, the placing of the better surface soil below and the infertile lower strata above, trenching would be a positive detriment. Asparagus, its culture for home use and for market: a practical treatise on the planting, cultivation, harvesting, marketing, and preserving of asparagus, with notes on its history The surface soil of large specimens to be stirred, and weeds and moss removed. In-Door Gardening for Every Week in the Year Showing the Most Successful Treatment for all Plants Cultivated in the Greenhouse, Conservatory, Stove, Pit, Orchid, and Forcing-house I prefer two-year-old trees set thirty by thirty feet apart, in holes dug eighteen inches deep, and filled one-third full of surface soil. The Apple The thick beds of pure limestone that underlie the surface soil in Kentucky and in parts of Virginia sometimes measure several hundred feet in thickness, a single stratum often being twenty feet thick. Earth and Sky Every Child Should Know Easy studies of the earth and the stars for any time and place It enables us to deepen the surface soil. The Elements of Agriculture A Book for Young Farmers, with Questions Prepared for the Use of Schools If this could be followed by a turning under of the surface soil in the spring, it would bury the spores that might still be living, so that they would be out of reach. Asparagus, its culture for home use and for market: a practical treatise on the planting, cultivation, harvesting, marketing, and preserving of asparagus, with notes on its history The surface soil to be stirred a little, and some fresh added. In-Door Gardening for Every Week in the Year Showing the Most Successful Treatment for all Plants Cultivated in the Greenhouse, Conservatory, Stove, Pit, Orchid, and Forcing-house For planting I prefer two-year-old trees, set in holes dug three feet square and one and one-half feet deep; throw out all soil and use good surface soil; never apply water to the roots. The Apple Their food is found on and in the surface soil. Earth and Sky Every Child Should Know Easy studies of the earth and the stars for any time and place When rain falls on the parched surface soil, it robs it of a portion of its heat, which is carried down to equalize the temperature for the whole depth. The Elements of Agriculture A Book for Young Farmers, with Questions Prepared for the Use of Schools The surface soil of Colorado Springs is a coarse, sandy loam, into which the moisture sinks rapidly. The Truth About America The surface soil to be stirred up and kept open, and a supply of manure water to be given previous to starting them. In-Door Gardening for Every Week in the Year Showing the Most Successful Treatment for all Plants Cultivated in the Greenhouse, Conservatory, Stove, Pit, Orchid, and Forcing-house I prefer three-year-old, stocky trees, set in holes dug 3�3 feet and 21/2 feet deep, filled with surface soil. The Apple Possibly floods have varied in their deposits from year to year, so that any calculation of the time it took to build that forty feet of surface soil must be but a rough estimate. Earth and Sky Every Child Should Know Easy studies of the earth and the stars for any time and place Is the subsoil usually different from the surface soil? The Elements of Agriculture A Book for Young Farmers, with Questions Prepared for the Use of Schools With puddling, as with watering, the surface soil should be left loose and soft without traces of the puddling below. Manual of American Grape-Growing The subsoil is clay with a thin covering of surface soil, the hillsides draining on to level valleys with meandering watercourses that frequently inundate and supersaturate the already moist soil. Rural Hygiene I plant two-year-old trees thirty feet apart, in holes four feet square, dug one foot too deep, and filled up with surface soil. The Apple The water that the surface soil cannot absorb sinks lower and lower into the ground. Earth and Sky Every Child Should Know Easy studies of the earth and the stars for any time and place The subsoil is usually of a different character from the surface soil, but this difference is more often the result of circumstances than of formation. The Elements of Agriculture A Book for Young Farmers, with Questions Prepared for the Use of Schools It is, however, quite worth while to throw the surface soil to one side and that lower to the other, that a spadeful of moist, virile, surface soil may be put next to the roots. Manual of American Grape-Growing Sometimes the ground water encounters an impervious stratum as it flows downward through the soil, or one that is less pervious than the surface soil. American Rural Highways Plant two-year-old, whole-root, round-topped trees, in large holes dug two feet deep and filled for six inches with surface soil, packed well. The Apple The rains of last winter, however, have washed out much of the surface soil, leaving bare parts of the rock beneath, and the next angle yonder is positively dangerous. Thurston of Orchard Valley May the subsoil be made to resemble the surface soil? The Elements of Agriculture A Book for Young Farmers, with Questions Prepared for the Use of Schools Very often the surface soil must be pulverized, and a clod-crusher, roller or a float becomes a necessity. Manual of American Grape-Growing In the winter, when the dried vegetation exposes the surface soil, the whole aspect of the country is changed and then it does resemble the popular conception of a desert. Across Mongolian Plains A Naturalist's Account of China's 'Great Northwest' I prefer bottom land, northern slope, with rich surface soil and porous subsoil. The Apple Last winter's rains have loosened the surface soil, and one angle of the path slipped bodily away. Thurston of Orchard Valley All of these effects render the surface soil of a more fertile character than it was before vegetable growth commenced; and, where frequent cultivation and manures have been applied, a still greater benefit has resulted. The Elements of Agriculture A Book for Young Farmers, with Questions Prepared for the Use of Schools Preferably, only surface soil should be used to place about the roots. The Pecan and its Culture Consequently if the surface soil has any considerable proportion of clay there is danger of compacting and even puddling it by working when wet, to the great detriment of the crop. Tomato Culture: A Practical Treatise on the Tomato The tree itself grew up out of the sloping bank; and its great rhizomes stretched over a large space, many of them appearing above the surface soil. Bruin The Grand Bear Hunt Ground moisture is derived partly from the evaporation of the ground water and its capillary absorption by the surface soil, and partly by the retention of water from rains upon the surface. The Home Medical Library, Volume V (of VI) In the province of Minasgeraes, gold is obtained from subterranean excavations, as also by washing the surface soil, when diamonds are also found. The Mines and its Wonders The surface soil is then broken up with the point of the scoop, scraped up and collected in the body of the scoop, and transferred to the sterile capsule for transmission. The Elements of Bacteriological Technique A Laboratory Guide for Medical, Dental, and Technical Students. Second Edition Rewritten and Enlarged. Again, a more or less sandy surface soil can be much more easily worked than one with a large proportion of clay. Tomato Culture: A Practical Treatise on the Tomato So far as possible, the depth should be everywhere great enough to prevent vegetation, and in all the shallower parts the surface soil should be entirely removed. Village Improvements and Farm Villages In hot weather the surface soil is cooler, and the subsurface soil still more so, than the surrounding air; in cold weather the opposite is the case. The Home Medical Library, Volume V (of VI) The surface soil is friable and easily worked, and the subsoil, which is usually of a rich red colour, is easily penetrated by the roots of trees and plants grown thereon. Fruits of Queensland The day would come when the surface soil could not produce our staple crops if its loss of lime continued, and a means of replenishing the stock were not at hand. Right Use of Lime in Soil Improvement In the garden it is advisable that from the time the plants are set until the fruit ripens, the surface soil about them be stirred every evening when it is not actually wet. Tomato Culture: A Practical Treatise on the Tomato Being surface rooters, and at the same time fond of moisture, they suffer when the surface soil is dried out. Making a Garden of Perennials The relative position of the impermeable underlying strata varies in its distance from the surface soil. The Home Medical Library, Volume V (of VI) Rational treatment of alfalfa demands that the surface soil be made fairly clean of weed seed, and this applies with peculiar force to annual grasses, like fox-tail. Crops and Methods for Soil Improvement The surface soil gave no indication of the existence of the channel. Reminiscences of a South African Pioneer If I were going to purchase another farm, I would look a great deal more to the subsoil than the surface soil. Farm drainage The Principles, Processes, and Effects of Draining Land with Stones, Wood, Plows, and Open Ditches, and Especially with Tiles Is the earth they bring out the same color as the surface soil? An Elementary Study of Insects In many places the surface soil, or in mining phrase, the top dirt, pays when worked in a long-tom. The Shirley Letters from California Mines in 1851-52 It supplies some fertility, and it puts the surface soil into good physical condition for young plants. Crops and Methods for Soil Improvement These implements are indispensable in keeping the surface soil loose and free from weeds, especially between the rows and even fairly close to the plants. Culinary Herbs: Their Cultivation Harvesting Curing and Uses The Autumn rains saturate the surface soil, which absorbs water like a sponge. Farm drainage The Principles, Processes, and Effects of Draining Land with Stones, Wood, Plows, and Open Ditches, and Especially with Tiles Will the lives which have not struck their roots down through all the surface soil to the rock, bear transplanting? Expositions of Holy Scripture Second Corinthians, Galatians, and Philippians Chapters I to End. Colossians, Thessalonians, and First Timothy. Rye growing in surface soil, subsoil, and sand 42 21. Lessons on Soil If the application is heavy, and the roots of the plants spread upon all sides, the fertilizer, as a rule, should be applied to all the ground, and should be mixed with the surface soil. Crops and Methods for Soil Improvement After setting, the surface soil should be made loose, so as to act as a mulch and prevent the loss of moisture from the packed lower layer. Culinary Herbs: Their Cultivation Harvesting Curing and Uses The heavy storms and showers fill the surface soil beyond saturation, and the water gushes out, literally, into the cellars and other low places. Farm drainage The Principles, Processes, and Effects of Draining Land with Stones, Wood, Plows, and Open Ditches, and Especially with Tiles The best manure is undoubtedly fresh surface soil from the woods. The Cultivation of The Native Grape, and Manufacture of American Wines Mustard growing in surface soil, subsoil, and sand 43 22. Lessons on Soil When manure is available, it should be spread on the plowed ground and mixed with the surface soil. Crops and Methods for Soil Improvement It makes the surface soil, or topsoil, deeper. Agriculture for Beginners Revised Edition They also add to the fertility of the surface soil by gathering plant food in the subsoil below where many plants feed. Clovers and How to Grow Them The surface soil is clay in which are embedded fragments of siliceous sandstone, used for millstones and constructional purposes; the subsoil is limestone. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 4, Part 3 "Brescia" to "Bulgaria" Three are filled with sand, seven with subsoil, and the remaining ten with surface soil. Lessons on Soil The manure goes out of reach of the greatest need, which is in the surface soil where plant-life starts. Crops and Methods for Soil Improvement They are summer-cultivated crops, and the clean culture that has been given them renders the surface soil mellow and the undersoil firm and compact. Agriculture for Beginners Revised Edition Firmness in the seed-bed is more important, relatively, in summer or early autumn when evaporation from the surface soil is the most rapid. Clovers and How to Grow Them Under a clayish surface soil, there was a stratum of solid chalk. Kitchener's Mob Adventures of an American in the British Army Thus plants grow well on the surface soil and starve on the subsoil. Lessons on Soil The surface soil, down to plow-depth, is the chief feeding-ground for plants because it is kept in good tilth by organic matter and tillage. Crops and Methods for Soil Improvement The surface soil is of a lighter or more open character, in consequence of the cultivation which it has received, or of the decayed vegetable matter and the roots which it contains. Draining for Profit, and Draining for Health In large areas of the prairie, red clover will grow more successfully on the subsoil when laid bare than when on the surface soil. Clovers and How to Grow Them We want cheerful-looking plants for the bare parts under trees, and this is a suitable one, provided the surface soil has a good proportion of vegetable matter amongst it, and is rather moist. Hardy Perennials and Old Fashioned Flowers Describing the Most Desirable Plants, for Borders, Rockeries, and Shrubberies. Pieces of grass, leaves, etc. change to plant food in the surface soil lint not in the subsoil 50 24. Lessons on Soil It can be broadcasted by hand if a spreader is not available, and mixed with the surface soil while in a powdered state. Crops and Methods for Soil Improvement After the surface soil has become sufficiently dry, the land may be plowed, seeds will germinate, and plants will grow. Draining for Profit, and Draining for Health The idea of stirring the surface soil in alfalfa fields is by no means new. Clovers and How to Grow Them Four quarts of bone meal carefully worked into the first two or three inches of the surface soil of a 4 x 12 seed bed greatly increases its fertility. Growing Nuts in the North A Personal Story of the Author's Experience of 33 Years with Nut Culture in Minnesota and Wisconsin The surface soil is seen to contain more material that will burn away than the subsoil does. Lessons on Soil The surface soil is removed to a depth of three inches, and the next layer of soil is taken, as it contains the highest percentage of bacteria. Crops and Methods for Soil Improvement If the work is done by hand, mix the surface soil and turf with the subsoil filling for the whole depth. Draining for Profit, and Draining for Health It has greater power than the common red variety to grow in stiff clays, in sandy soils underlaid with clay, and in areas where moisture is insufficient near the surface soil. Clovers and How to Grow Them Shallow surface soil, underlaid with heavy clay, will usually slow down the growth of a young tree so that it remains dwarfed for many years. Growing Nuts in the North A Personal Story of the Author's Experience of 33 Years with Nut Culture in Minnesota and Wisconsin There is clearly an increase in crop as a result of storing the surface soil in a moist condition, showing that additional plant food has been made, since these pots were put up. Lessons on Soil The abundant rainfall brings various weeds and grasses into competition with it, and that will remain a serious drawback until growers learn to clean their surface soils by good tillage before seeding. Crops and Methods for Soil Improvement A neighbor of mine drained twenty inches deep in strong clay; the ground cracked widely; the contraction destroyed the tiles, and the rains washed the surface soils into the cracks and choked the drains. Draining for Profit, and Draining for Health Phosphoric acid and potash may be fitly applied when the land is being prepared, and in a way that will incorporate them with the surface soil. Clovers and How to Grow Them Because when hoed, thereby disturbing capillary action, he found less moisture than when unhoed, in surface soil. The Prairie Farmer, Vol. 56, No. 2, January 12, 1884 A Weekly Journal for the Farm, Orchard and Fireside The experiment with surface soil shows that the pieces of stem and leaf have furnished a good deal of food to the mustard and have caused a gain of 24.3 grams in the crop. Lessons on Soil By this means the soil below is left firm, and the rich vines are mixed with the surface soil, where most needed. Crops and Methods for Soil Improvement Another cause of the retention of water by the surface soil, often a very serious one, is the puddling which clayey lands undergo by working them, or feeding cattle upon them, when they are wet. Draining for Profit, and Draining for Health Where the humus soils of the prairies are deep and are underlaid with clay, white clover will grow much better in the subsoil, if laid bare, than in the surface soil. Clovers and How to Grow Them In other parts of the County, where the limestone conglomerate is not so preponderant, or where it lies deeper and is mostly unexposed, the surface soil is deeper, often consisting of 18 inches of loam. History and Comprehensive Description of Loudoun County, Virginia We have therefore answered the question we set, and we can explain some at any rate of the differences between the surface soil and the subsoil. Lessons on Soil The surface soil always should have a high content of organic matter. Crops and Methods for Soil Improvement Examine the soil in the holes dug for the root lessons, noticing the difference between the upper or surface soil and the under or subsoil. The First Book of Farming It can be made to succeed on hard clay subsoils from which the surface soil has been removed. Clovers and How to Grow Them The surface soil of the Cecil silt loam consists of 12 inches of a light gray or white silt loam. History and Comprehensive Description of Loudoun County, Virginia The surface soil contains a great deal of the black material, which forms plant food, while the subsoil does not. Lessons on Soil The surface soil was thin and somewhat impoverished, but the subsoil was a friable clay in which almost anything would grow if it was properly worked and fed. The Fat of the Land The Story of an American Farm Examine as many kinds of surface soils and subsoils as possible, also decayed leaf mould, the black soil of the woods, etc. The First Book of Farming The surface soil we had lately been travelling over was covered with boulders and fragments of conglomerate. Unknown Mexico, Volume 1 (of 2) A Record of Five Years' Exploration Among the Tribes of the Western Sierra Madre; In the Tierra Caliente of Tepic and Jalisco; and Among the Tarascos of Michoacan Add any available lime rubbish from destroyed buildings, sand, peat, leaf-mould, surface soil raked from the rear of the shrubberies, &c., and the result should be a good compost obtained at an almost nominal cost. The Culture of Vegetables and Flowers From Seeds and Roots 16th Edition The leaves and stems have increased the crop, but only by 5.4 grams: they have not been nearly so effective as in the surface soil. Lessons on Soil Far out at sea, swept ever by the Atlantic gales, a mere sand-bank, with scant surface soil to support vegetation, this island soon proved to its settlers its unfitness to maintain an agricultural people. American Merchant Ships and Sailors This harrow is as good as a roller in fining and smoothing the surface soil. The First Book of Farming Upon the plantation purchased this summer, I have light-yellow, dark-brown, and red clay subsoil, of a friable character, with a surface soil sufficiently sandy to answer the demands of the plant. The Commercial Products of the Vegetable Kingdom Considered in Their Various Uses to Man and in Their Relation to the Arts and Manufactures; Forming a Practical Treatise & Handbook of Reference for the Colonist, Manufacturer, Merchant, and Consumer, on the Cultivation, Preparation for Shipment, and Commercial Value, &c. of the Various Substances Obtained From Trees and Plants, Entering into the Husbandry of Tropical and Sub-tropical Regions, &c. Thoroughly break up the subsoil, half-fill the trench with well-rotted manure, and restore the surface soil to within a few inches of the level. The Culture of Vegetables and Flowers From Seeds and Roots 16th Edition That is to say, there has been more change in Pot 6 containing surface soil than in Pot 7 containing subsoil. Lessons on Soil Thunder is only so far connected with them that the heavy rains loosen the surface soil, and lay bare its long hidden secrets. Custom and Myth The objects of rolling are: To compress the surface soil so that the harrow will do its work more efficiently, also to break clods or lumps that may have resisted the action of the harrow. The First Book of Farming The holes should be at least six feet in diameter, and about four feet deep, and when refilled the surface soil is to be used, and not that which is taken out of the hole. The Commercial Products of the Vegetable Kingdom Considered in Their Various Uses to Man and in Their Relation to the Arts and Manufactures; Forming a Practical Treatise & Handbook of Reference for the Colonist, Manufacturer, Merchant, and Consumer, on the Cultivation, Preparation for Shipment, and Commercial Value, &c. of the Various Substances Obtained From Trees and Plants, Entering into the Husbandry of Tropical and Sub-tropical Regions, &c. If the soil is poor, draw deep drills, fill them with fat manure, and plant by hand, taking care to press round each root crumbs from the surface soil. The Culture of Vegetables and Flowers From Seeds and Roots 16th Edition The "something," whatever it may be, that changes plant remains like leaves, stems, pieces of grass, roots, etc. into plant food therefore acts better in the surface soil than in the subsoil. Lessons on Soil Kunkah is obtained almost anywhere throughout the Land of the Five Rivers, underlying the surface soil. Around the World on a Bicycle - Volume II From Teheran To Yokohama Keeping the surface soil loose and open benefits fertility because it directly aids the absorption of rain, favors ventilation, and has a beneficial influence over soil temperature. The First Book of Farming Land in pasture, if well managed, will gain its fertility, and in the process accumulate soluble silica in the surface soil. The Commercial Products of the Vegetable Kingdom Considered in Their Various Uses to Man and in Their Relation to the Arts and Manufactures; Forming a Practical Treatise & Handbook of Reference for the Colonist, Manufacturer, Merchant, and Consumer, on the Cultivation, Preparation for Shipment, and Commercial Value, &c. of the Various Substances Obtained From Trees and Plants, Entering into the Husbandry of Tropical and Sub-tropical Regions, &c. The surface soil in the pots may be lightly stirred occasionally to keep it free from moss. The Culture of Vegetables and Flowers From Seeds and Roots 16th Edition I have lately been minutely examining old forest land, with the view of removing top soil from it, and have been much struck with the variation in the depth of the rich surface soil. Gold, Sport, and Coffee Planting in Mysore The position of tombs was often marked by gravestones above ground; these remain scattered in the surface soil, or collected to block the entrances to later tombs. How to Observe in Archaeology It cuts, turns and pulverizes the surface soil somewhat after the manner of the plow. The First Book of Farming Immediately inland from Point de Galle, the surface soil rests on a stratum of decomposing coral; and sea shells are found at a considerable distance from the shore. Ceylon; an Account of the Island Physical, Historical, and Topographical with Notices of Its Natural History, Antiquities and Productions, Volume 1 Soon after the middle of May the seedlings should be able to bear full exposure, and it will then be time to renew the surface soil. The Culture of Vegetables and Flowers From Seeds and Roots 16th Edition In fact, they did the same damage that the steam plough has often done at home in unskilful hands, i.e., turned a fine loose surface soil into one of an inferior character. Gold, Sport, and Coffee Planting in Mysore The results of the experiments are given, showing, from weighings, the amount of vapor lost by the soil at night, and also the heat lost by the surface soil. Scientific American Supplement, No. 530, February 27, 1886 We return to the surface soil not only the plant food taken from it but also plant food brought from the subsoil by the roots of the green manure plants. The First Book of Farming The surface soil consists for the most part of a thin layer of red, yellow, or black earths. The Story of the Philippines and Our New Possessions, Including the Ladrones, Hawaii, Cuba and Porto Rico The Eldorado of the Orient Sunshine has a double effect, in heating the surface soil and thus causing more rapid growth, besides its direct effect in ripening the fruit. English Prose A Series of Related Essays for the Discussion and Practice He constructed his cabin of small logs about six inches in diameter, stopping the chinks with clay which he found at the depth of a few feet beneath the surface soil. Tarzan of the Apes Barley, on the other hand, is sown in a lighter surface soil, and, with its short period for root-development, relies in a much greater degree on the stores of plant-food within the surface soil. The Project Gutenberg Encyclopedia Volume 1 of 28 Rotation helps to maintain or increase the plant food in the surface soil. The First Book of Farming A group of very hardy cool-weather plants, demanding unusually careful preparation of the surface soil to receive the seeds and to set the young plants going. Manual of Gardening (Second Edition) No seed has been sown in these localities, and none could have been found had every square inch of the surface soil been examined by the most powerful microscope. Life: Its True Genesis Within the reef, the surface soil was red, and of a sandy nature. Scientific American Supplement, No. 392, July 7, 1883 This is the second strata, usually of different texture and color from the rich surface soil, and harder than it. Home Vegetable Gardening — a Complete and Practical Guide to the Planting and Care of All Vegetables, Fruits and Berries Worth Growing for Home Use Some fields are underlaid by a close, compact subsoil which so checks percolation that the surface soil is too wet for tillage operations the greater part of the year. The First Book of Farming The tools that one may use in preparing the surface soil are now so many and so well adapted to the work that the gardener should find special satisfaction in handling them. Manual of Gardening (Second Edition) "There was thirty-five feet of surface soil shoveled on top of this particular Roman,"--showing that he was a very consequential personage in camp. Life: Its True Genesis Meantime the rain had washed off the surface soil from their last pan, which they had left in their hurry. Mark Twain Second, do your hand-weeding while the surface soil is soft, when the weeds come out easily. Home Vegetable Gardening — a Complete and Practical Guide to the Planting and Care of All Vegetables, Fruits and Berries Worth Growing for Home Use They also carry off surface soil and manures washed into them. The First Book of Farming Mulches also serve a most useful purpose in preventing the ground from packing and baking by the weight of snows and rains, and the cementing action of too much water in the surface soil. Manual of Gardening (Second Edition) If they had withstood the relentless tooth of time for seventeen hundred years, in the surface soil of Dorchester, the last forty years ought not to have obliterated all trace of them. Life: Its True Genesis The spot is probably thirty feet below the house, and the surface soil is a loose, half sand, half dark muck, the natural washing from the hills above. The American Goliah By frequent cultivation of the surface soil—not more than one or two inches deep for most small vegetables—the soil tubes are kept broken, and a mulch of dust is maintained. Home Vegetable Gardening — a Complete and Practical Guide to the Planting and Care of All Vegetables, Fruits and Berries Worth Growing for Home Use When heavy rains wash valuable surface soil from the tops and sides of hills these denuded areas are rendered less valuable for grazing, while the overabundance of top soil in the valleys retards effective cultivation. Problems in American Democracy Let this surface soil in the pots be your guide. Nature's Serial Story Almost any one would have done so, with that amount of surface soil shoveled on top of him. Life: Its True Genesis The holes are made quite deep and large, and the bottom filled with good surface soil. Success with Small Fruits It then should be partially filled with good surface soil, upon which the tree should stand, so that its roots could extend naturally according to their original growth. The Home Acre Intensifying cultural methods but intensifies the digestion, assimilation and exhaustion of the surface soil, from which life springs. Farmers of Forty Centuries; Or, Permanent Agriculture in China, Korea, and Japan Well, a country whose surface soil is called black mud in fine weather, what can it be called when forty days' rain beat on it, and feet of pagazis and donkeys make paste of it? How I Found Livingstone; travels, adventures, and discoveres in Central Africa, including an account of four months' residence with Dr. Livingstone, by Henry M. Stanley But you have another problem, viz: to change the physical condition of the surface soil to prevent the particles from running together and cementing. One Thousand Questions in California Agriculture Answered His plow is chiefly the forked limb of a tree, pointed with iron sufficiently to enable him to root around in the surface soil. Around the World on a Bicycle - Volume 1 From San Francisco to Teheran In these advantages alone one is repaid for the extra first cost, and in addition the rich surface soil obtained will double the bulk and value of the fertilizers with which it is mixed. The Home Acre First they penetrate through a few inches or a foot or two of surface soil; then they enter a vast deposit of sand, gravel, and clay. Ragnarok : the Age of Fire and Gravel A sieve is very useful for prospecting the surface soil, being more portable and more rapidly worked than the dishes. Spinifex and Sand I was told that by plowing deep I would injure my trees, in cutting up small rootlets and fibres which the olive extends through the surface soil. One Thousand Questions in California Agriculture Answered In accordance with the principle above established if the surface soil could be dried to the point where capillarity is very slow, the evaporation would be diminished or almost wholly stopped. Dry-Farming : a System of Agriculture for Countries under a Low Rainfall "I want some samples here," he continued, and at once proceeded to collect a composite sample of the surface soil and another of the sub-soil. The Story of the Soil; from the Basis of Absolute Science and Real Life, Though hot, baking sun and wind can desiccate the few inches of surface soil, withdrawals of moisture from greater depths are made by growing plants transpiring moisture through their leaf surfaces. Gardening Without Irrigation: or without much, anyway Over most of Canada and the northern states this familiar formation is exposed to view in nearly all cuttings which pass below the surface soil. The Elements of Geology It is almost impossible with such a leachy foundation to keep the surface soil properly moistened and enriched; You are apt to lose both water and fertilizer into the too rapid drainage. One Thousand Questions in California Agriculture Answered More than a quarter of a century ago, Eser showed experimentally that soil-water may be saved by drying the surface soil rapidly. Dry-Farming : a System of Agriculture for Countries under a Low Rainfall The phosphorus content of our surface soil is greater than that of the subsurface, but below the subsurface the phosphorus again increases. The Story of the Soil; from the Basis of Absolute Science and Real Life, Near the mouth of the Esmeraldas river in Ecuador, over a stretch of some sixty miles, the surface soil of the coast covers a bed of marine clay. The Dawn of Canadian History : A Chronicle of Aboriginal Canada Sometimes after heavy rains, when the surface soil has been washed from the sides of the hills, the mica layer is similarly washed down to the valleys and lies on the original surface-soil. A Lady's Visit to the Gold Diggings of Australia in 1852-53 The use of sand on the surface of a heavier soil may save plants from damping-off, because the sand passes the water quickly and dries, while a heavier surface soil would remain soggy. One Thousand Questions in California Agriculture Answered Second, soil-water may be lost by direct evaporation from the surface soil. Dry-Farming : a System of Agriculture for Countries under a Low Rainfall I am glad that the nitrogen-fixing and nitrifying bacteria do business chicfly in the surface soil, because we are not prepared to correct the acidity to any very great depth. The Story of the Soil; from the Basis of Absolute Science and Real Life, Underneath it is a stratum of sand and loam such as might once have itself been surface soil. The Dawn of Canadian History : A Chronicle of Aboriginal Canada After a thin layer of the black surface soil, it appeared they had come to a strata of thick yellow clay, in which gold was often very abundant. A Lady's Visit to the Gold Diggings of Australia in 1852-53 Ordinary surface soil, not too sandy, acts well, if damped and rammed thoroughly. Getting Gold: a practical treatise for prospectors, miners and students Sprouted grains of spring wheat were placed in the moist surface soil, and 1 inch of dry soil added to the surface to prevent evaporation. Dry-Farming : a System of Agriculture for Countries under a Low Rainfall "He found the following amounts in the surface soil," said Percy. The Story of the Soil; from the Basis of Absolute Science and Real Life, The roots of these evergreens penetrate to a great depth, and obtain nourishment from beneath when the surface soil is perished by drought. Cyprus, as I Saw It in 1879 They brought home a tin-dish full of surface soil, which in the course of the afternoon I attempted to wash. A Lady's Visit to the Gold Diggings of Australia in 1852-53 "Pizie" or "adobie" is simply surface soil kneaded with water and either moulded between boards like concrete, to construct the walls, or made into large sun-dried bricks. Getting Gold: a practical treatise for prospectors, miners and students The earth used in their construction is the subsoil, brought up from a considerable depth, as the ant-hills are yellow, while the surface soil is black. Ismailia Following are the number of pounds per acre for the surface soil to a depth of six and two-thirds inches,—that is, for two million pounds of soil. The Story of the Soil; from the Basis of Absolute Science and Real Life, The surface soil is of a peaty nature, perfectly black, soapy when wet, and as light as soot when dry; worthless for cultivation. Eight Years' Wanderings in Ceylon The surface soil was spongy, and rested on impermeable rock; it breathed in the damp mists by night, and breathed them out again by day, under Branchspell's rays. A Voyage to Arcturus "Of course the surface soil is by far the most important," Percy explained. The Story of the Soil; from the Basis of Absolute Science and Real Life, The English quarter was swept clean, and as the surface soil on the margin of the river was a hard white sand, the place quickly assumed a neat and homely appearance. Ismailia Then, the hole was extended and the subsurface boring removed without touching the surface soil. The Story of the Soil; from the Basis of Absolute Science and Real Life, The appearance of the surface soil is frequently very deceitful. Eight Years' Wanderings in Ceylon Why doesn't the plant food accumulate in the surface soil of those barrens? The Story of the Soil; from the Basis of Absolute Science and Real Life, We plowed the surface soil a little deeper and deeper until we got it eight or nine inches deep instead of four. The Story of the Soil; from the Basis of Absolute Science and Real Life, The bacteria depend upon the nitrogen of the air and this must enter the surface soil. The Story of the Soil; from the Basis of Absolute Science and Real Life, |
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