Hemophilia usually refers to inherited deficiencies of coagulation factors, which can be either quantitative or qualitative.

血友病通常是指遗传性的凝血因子缺乏症，可以是数量或者活性上的缺陷。

Another cause is autoimmunity against a clotting factor, and finally, there is disseminated intravascular coagulation which consumes coagulation factors.

另一个病因是自身免疫因素对抗凝血因子，最后还有弥散性血管内凝血，会消耗凝血因子。

An insufficient concentration or decreased activity of any coagulation factor can cause hemophilia, except factor XII deficiency which is asymptomatic.

任何凝血因子的浓度不够或者活性降低都会引起血友病，一个例外是缺乏因子XII的话，不会有相关症状出现。

There is also a prolonged prothrombin (or PT) time, as well as prolonged partial thromboplastin time (or PTT), both of which reflect having lower levels of circulating coagulation factors.

凝血酶原（PT）时间和部分凝血活酶（PTT）时间均会延长，两者都反映出血液循环中低水平的凝血因子。

At this point many of the described symptoms start to develop, like jaundice and pruritus or itchy skin, ascites, hepatic encephalopathy leading to confusion, and easy bruising from low coagulation factors.

肝硬化的症状开始出现，如黄疸、皮肤瘙痒、腹水、导致神智不清的肝性脑病，以及因凝血因子不足导致的瘀斑。