But insects and crustaceans build exoskeletons made from chains of modified sugars called chitin.

但是昆虫和甲壳类动物的外骨骼是由被称为甲壳素的修饰糖链制成的。

The outer layer of a beetle's body is made of this super stiff polymer called chitin.

甲虫身体的外层是由一种叫做甲壳素的超硬聚合物制成的。

And these special nanostructure arrangements make chitin exoskeletons incredibly tough for their weight.

这些特殊的纳米结构排列使甲壳素外骨骼相对于它们的重量惊人地坚固。

Through chemical processes, all that chitin can be turned into chitosan, which is where The Shellworks comes in.

经过化学处理后，所有的几丁质转变成壳聚糖，这时候 The Shellworks 登场。

These are made of a naturally occurring polymer called chitin, which is a polymer you find in most insect and crustacean exoskeletons.

这些鳞片是由一种叫做甲壳素的天然聚合物构成的，而在大多数昆虫和甲壳类动物的外骨骼中都能找到这种甲壳素的聚合物。

And chitin is also the  basis for arthropod exoskeletons.

几丁质也是节肢动物外骨骼的基础。

These special nanostructure arrangements make chitin exoskeletons incredibly tough for their weight.

这些特殊的纳米结构排列使几丁质外骨骼相对于它们的重量来说非常坚韧。

18. And here's where chitin comes in.

这就是角素的来源。

Fungi support their cell walls  with a starchy polymer called chitin.

真菌用一种叫做几丁质的淀粉质聚合物来支撑它们的细胞壁。

And that's thanks in part to a substance in their cell walls called chitin.

而这某种程度上要感谢它们细胞壁中一种叫做角素的物质。

If you were to zoom into a lobster's shell on the microscopic scale you'd see chitin crystals arranged like stacks of plywood.

如果你在微观尺度上放大龙虾的壳，你会看到甲壳素晶体像胶合板堆一样排列。

By weight, chitin accounts for about 30% of the shell, and it's also the case that with lobsters, they're eaten out the restaurant.

重量上，龙虾壳的30％是几丁质，但是龙虾是在餐厅里食用的。

Structurally they have more in common with animals in that they build their cells from chitin, a material that gives them their distinctive texture.

从结构上说，它们与动物有着更多的共同点，因为它们是几丁质构建自己的细胞的。那种材料使用其质地与众不同。

Plus, they were covered from their rounded heads to their many segmented feet in an exoskeleton made of calcite and chitin.

此外，它们从圆圆的脑袋到许多分段的脚都被方解石和几丁质制成的外骨骼所覆盖。

A piece of chocolate, you are allowed bits of insect chitin in the chocolate because they do fall in, they get everywhere.

一块巧克力， 你可以在巧克力中加入一些昆虫几丁质， 因为它们确实会掉进去，到处都是。

Believe it or not, the only other place chitin is found in abundance is in the exoskeletons of insects, crabs, and such!

信不信由你，唯一能发现丰富的角素的其他地方只有昆虫、螃蟹之类的外骨骼中。

They jumped ship, leaving the chitin rafts  behind to be full-time photosynthetic drifters.

他们跳船，留下几丁质筏，成为全职的光合作用漂流者。

We found this biopolymer inside crustacean shells called chitin that you can treat in a certain way to extract and actually make a bioplastic from those shells.

我们发现甲壳动物壳里的几丁质可以用适当的方法萃取，那最终就可以用这些贝壳做生物塑料。

The first clue to the chitin raft hypothesis  was something the researchers stumbled onto by accident while studying modern  picocyanobacteria in the lab.

几丁质筏假说的第一个线索是研究人员在实验室研究现代微微蓝细菌时偶然发现的。

This is also right around the time when  arthropods were expanding in the oceans, too, flooding the place with bits of chitin.

这也正是节肢动物在海洋中扩张的时期，海洋中充满了几丁质。