Newer therapies called biologics can also be useful, because they block the actions of cytokines like tumor necrosis factor alpha and the interleukins.

生物制剂治疗这种新疗法同样有效，能阻断TNF-α和IL-1等细胞因子的作用。

In some cases, the nucleus macrophages attack the nucleus pulposus, and start secreting inflammatory cytokines, like tumor necrosis factor alpha, an interleukin-1, and interleukin-6.

在某些情况下，巨噬细胞会攻击髓核，并分泌炎性因子，比如肿瘤坏死因子α（TNF-α）、白细胞介素-1（IL-1）和白细胞介素-6（IL-6）。

At that point T helper cells, or Th1 cells swoop in and release cytokines —which are cell signaling molecules— like interferon-gamma, and tumor necrosis factor alpha, which further stimulate the inflammatory response.

在这时，辅助T细胞（Th1细胞）突然加入到炎症反应中并释放细胞因子；这些细胞因子是细胞间信号分子，包括γ干扰素和肿瘤坏死因子α等；这些细胞因子可以进一步促发炎症反应。