The word 'it' here is called a referent.

这里的“它”这个词被称为指代物。

Using referents helps you avoid using exactly the same words too often.

使用指称可以帮助您避免过于频繁地使用完全相同的词。

Using referents and synonyms skilfully is not just for essays.

巧妙地使用所指对象和同义词不仅适用于论文。

They refer to the same person - that is, they have the same referent.

它们描述的是同一个人，也就是说，他们有相同的指涉对象。

We use referents to identify and track subjects through a conversation or a piece of writing.

我们使用指称通过对话或一篇文章来识别和跟踪主题。

Using referents and synonyms as we've seen will help you achieve cohesion.

如我们所见，使用指称和同义词将帮助您实现凝聚力。

Listen to the way the referents are used.

听听指称的使用方式。

Referents are used all the time and not just in essays.

指称一直在使用，而不仅仅是在论文中。

Look at how we use referents: The woman came into the room.

看看我们是如何使用指称的：那个女人走进了房间。

And here's another referent: What is global warming?

这是另一个参照物：什么是全球变暖？

When you are reading, you'll need to be able to understand referents, and follow the subject through the text.

阅读时，您需要能够理解所指对象，并通过文本跟随主题。

In technical terms, you could say the two noun phrases have different referents.

用术语来说，你可以说这两个名词短语有不同的指涉对象（referent）。

Onomatopoeia is a case in point and so is sign language, which makes frequent use of gestures that resemble their referents, like tracing the tracks of tears as a symbol for crying.

拟声词就是一个很好的例子，手语也是如此，它经常使用与所指相似的手势，比如追踪眼泪的轨迹作为哭泣的象征。

The leap to symbols is crucial: these are distinct from the original referent, allowing them to stand for abstract things, including the many verbs that are hard to picture.

符号的飞跃是至关重要的：它们与最初的指称截然不同，使它们能够代表抽象的事物， 包括许多难以描绘的动词。

As a general principle, it might be that new words that are heard to resemble their referents in some way or another would have been more likely to be understood and adopted by a wider community of speakers.

作为一个普遍原则，可能是新单词在某些方面与所指物相似，更有可能被更广泛的说话者群体理解和采用。

Next time you see a paragraph, try to highlight all the referents like: it this that these those he she they Then try to work out what subject they are all referring back to.

下次你看到一个段落时，试着突出所有的指称对象， 比如： it this that these those he she they 然后试着弄清楚他们都指的是什么主题。