Without these hormones, the glandular cells, particularly the alveolar cells, cannot survive, and undergo apoptosis which is programmed cell death.

如果没有这些激素，腺体细胞，尤其是腺泡细胞将无法存活，并会凋亡，即程序性死亡。

Eventually though, over the course of years, chondrocytes aren't able to keep up, and they become exhausted, and can undergo apoptosis, or programmed cell death.

最终，随着时间推移，软骨细胞力不从心，开始凋亡或程序性细胞死亡。

We've also been able to program cells to make completely synthetic polymers containing the chemical linkages found in several classes of biodegradable plastics.

我们还能够对细胞进行编程，以制造完全合成的聚合物，其中包含在几类可生物降解塑料中发现的化学连接。

Using our approach, we've already been able to program cells to make new molecules, including molecules from an important class of drugs known as depsipeptide macrocycles.

使用我们的方法，我们已经能够对细胞进行编程以制造新分子，包括来自一类重要药物的分子，称为缩酚肽大环化合物。

They wanted to turn genetic engineering into a real engineering discipline, where we could program cells and write DNA the way that engineers write software for computers.

他们想把基因工程变成一门真正的工程学科，在那里我们可以像工程师为计算机编写软件一样对细胞进行编程和编写 DNA。