Instead Nerva, Trajan, Hagran and Antonius Pius selected a promising young man from the roman upper classes, adopted this man into their family, and groomed him as the future princeps.

涅尔瓦 图拉真 哈德良和安托尼乌斯·披乌斯都从罗马上层阶级中选择了一位前途无量的年轻人，收为养子，立为储君。

Renaming himself Caesar  Augustus, he also adopted the title of 'Princeps', or 'First Citizen' of Rome, though he is more  usually known by one of his other titles, 'Imperator', meaning 'Commander', from  which the modern word 'Emperor' is derived.

他将自己改名为凯撒·奥古斯都， 并采用了“元首”或罗马“第一公民” 的头衔，尽管他更常见的头衔之一是“皇帝”，意思是“指挥官” ，现代词即来自“皇帝” 。 “皇帝” 由此而来。