The treaty is set to come into force in January and replaces the transition phase.

该条约将于明年1月生效，并取代过渡阶段。

Phase transitions describe how one state of matter becomes another, thanks to changing conditions like temperature.

相变描述了受温度等条件变化的影响下，物质的一种状态是如何变成另一种状态的。

You've heard of things melting, boiling, freezing, and condensing… but there are other kinds of phase transitions, too.

你听过物体的融化、沸腾、冻结和浓缩等，但还有其他种类的相变。

Turns out, quantum vortices also involved in an entirely new topological phase transition discovered by these two physicists!

事实证明，这两位物理学家发现的一个全新的拓扑相变中也涉及到了量子涡旋！

One common example of a phase transition is the freezing of water when you cool it down.

相变的一个常见例子是当你冷却水时它会结冰。

You’ve heard of things melting, boiling, freezing, and condensing… but there are other kinds of phase transitions, too.

你听说过融化、沸腾、冻结和冷凝的事物… … 但也有其他类型的相变。

And this is important because at low temperatures, gapless quantum systems can undergo phase transitions, while gapped systems cannot.

这很重要， 因为在低温下，无间隙量子系统可以发生相变，而间隙系统则不能。

Two of the Nobel prize winners, Michael Kosterlitz and David Thouless, studied phase transitions in stuff that's really cold, and really thin—just a few atoms thick.

迈克尔·科斯特利茨和戴维·索利斯 ，研究了在极寒和只有几个原子叠在一起那么厚的极薄物质中的相变。

The proposals from the Saudi-backed high negotiations committee envisage President Bashar al-Assad's stepping down after a first 6-month transition phase, something he has always insisted he won't do.

在长达六个月之久的过渡期后，应让叙总统巴沙尔下台，虽然这是巴沙尔本人简称绝不会做的事情。

Later work has also cast doubt on whether there could be a phase transition in the very early universe of the kind required.

后来的工作也对极早期宇宙中是否可能存在所需类型的相变提出了质疑。

Two of the Nobel prize winners, Michael Kosterlitz and David Thouless, studied phase transitions in stuff that’s really cold, and really thin – just a few atoms thick.

两位诺贝尔奖获得者迈克尔· 科斯特利茨 ( Michael Kosterlitz) 和大卫· 索利斯 (研究了极冷且极薄（ 只有几个原子厚） 的物质中的相变。

VOICE OVER: This change in properties is a kind of phase transition, from flexible or flowing to stiff and rigid, and it happens when the individual particles jam together.

画外音：这种特性变化是一种相变，从柔性或流动到僵硬和刚性， 当单个粒子挤在一起时就会发生这种情况。

When the universe's temperature dropped below 1 trillion degrees or so, though, it underwent a phase transition: suddenly the Higgs field flipped on and some particles, but not others, began interacting with Higgs bosons.

不过，当宇宙温度降至低于1万亿度左右，它经历了一个相变：希格斯场突然翻转，一些粒子开始与希格斯玻色子相互作用，而其它粒子则不与希格斯玻色子相互作用。

Researchers compare traffic jams to the particles in a liquid and a solid; moving cars are like the free-flowing particles in a liquid, but can undergo a " phase transition" to that of a compacted solid.

研究人员将交通堵塞比作液体和固体中的微粒。移动的汽车就像液体中自由流动的粒子，但可以经历“相变”从而变成压缩的固体。