White people, Europeans, Persians, Arabs, Middle Easterners.

白人，欧洲人，波斯人，阿拉伯人，中东人。

This time, the Persians said no.

这一次，波斯人说不。

As long ago as 500 A.D., Persians used windmills for grinding grain and pumping water.

早在公元500年，波斯人就利用风车来研磨谷物以及抽水。

These mountain people were the Persians.

这个山地民族就是波斯人。

The same free people of Athens who defeated the Persians later treated Miltiades and Themistocles with just such ingratitude.

这是曾战胜过波斯人的自由的雅典人民，也就是后来很不知感激地对待米尔提亚德斯和泰米斯托克利斯的雅典人民。

At great cost to the Persians, the Spartans and their king, Leonidas, were killed.

波斯付出了巨大的代价，斩杀了斯巴达勇士和他们的国王列奥尼达斯。

Eventually, the Persians, under Darius I invaded Greece in 492 BCE.

最终，波斯人在大流士一世的领导下于公元前 492 年入侵希腊。

And then, in 480 BCE, Xerxes took his Persians across the Hellespont and moved south, towards Sparta, gaining allies.

然后，在公元前 480 年，薛西斯带领他的波斯人穿过赫勒斯蓬特河，向南移动，前往斯巴达，获得盟友。

The Persians were defeated and Xerxes fled, never to return.

波斯战败，薛西斯逃跑，再也没有回来。

Meanwhile, ancient Persians built shallow insulated pools of water and utilized a technique known as sky cooling.

与此同时，古波斯人建造了隔热的浅水池，并利用“空气冷却”技术。

So there at Marathon they formed ranks, and fell upon the startled Persians. And they were victorious.

所以他们在马拉松集结并向受惊的波斯人发起攻击。雅典人打了胜仗。

The Persians suffered heavy losses. Those remaining took to their ships and fled. Such a victory!

许多波斯人阵亡了。剩下的波斯人登船逃跑了。竟然在获胜几率如此低的情况下取得了胜利！

Lydia was powerful and prosperous, but it was threatened from the east by the rapidly expanding power of the Persians.

吕底亚国力强大，经济发达，但东边迅速扩张的波斯对他们仍是一种威胁。

Iraqis, Kurds, Pakistanis, Persians, and the peoples of Central Asia.

伊拉克人、库尔德人、巴基斯坦人、波斯人和中亚人民。

Next week, we’ll look at the Persians and the Greeks.

下周，我们将看看波斯人和希腊人。

It was Alexander who won the final, decisive victory over the Persians.

是亚历山大赢得了对波斯人的最后决定性胜利。

The Persians could use it to outflank us.

波斯人可以用它来包抄我们。

The literature of Indians, Greeks, Persians, and Teutons alike was characterized by great cosmic visions.

印度人、希腊人、波斯人和日耳曼人的文学都以伟大的宇宙观为特征。

And then the Persians, and then Alexander the Great and finally, the Romans.

，然后是波斯人，然后是亚历 山大大帝，最后是罗马人。

Ten years later, the Persians returned, planning to conquer the whole of Greece under the leadership of Darius's son, Xerxes.

十年后，波斯人重返，计划征服整个希腊，统帅为达利斯的儿子薛西斯。