Scientists think more than 200 different forms of parasitism have evolved independently from one another.

科学家们认为地球上有两百多种不同的寄生现象，它们彼此独立进化而来。

Many interactions are considered parasitism because the benefit to one species comes at a cost to the other.

许多相互作用被认为是寄生，因为一个物种的利益是以另一个物种的代价为代价的。

I mean, even pregnancy could be thought of as parasitism.

我的意思是， 甚至怀孕都可以被认为是寄生虫。

Brood parasitism tends to evoke horror and disdain.

育雏寄生往往会引起恐惧和蔑视。

While brachiopods with tubes were smaller, Leung says, this might not be due to parasitism.

梁说，虽然带管的腕足动物较小， 但这可能不是由于寄生。

This is probably because, before brood parasitism appeared, responding would have likely had no adaptive value.

这可能是因为，在巢寄生现象出现之前，反应可能没有适应性价值。

Most birds build nests, but several different families of birds evolved what is called brood parasitism, where females lay eggs in another individual's nest.

大多数鸟类筑巢，但几个不同的鸟类科进化出所谓的育雏寄生，雌性在另一个单独的巢中下蛋。

Moreover, the marriage insurance condemns her to life-long dependency, to parasitism, to complete uselessness, individual as well as social.

此外，婚姻保险使她终身依赖、寄生、完全无用， 无论是个人还是社会。

Whichever way you swing it, brood parasitism is yet another example of the fascinating turns evolution has taken.

无论你如何摆弄它，育雏寄生都是进化所发生的令人着迷的转变的又一个例子。

But in the most egregious cases of brood parasitism, why don't host parents take a stand?

但在最恶劣的寄生虫案例中，为什么寄宿父母不表态呢？

But instant ecstasy has to be purchased, like any other commodity, and, in economic terms, that passive life involves parasitism.

但是和其它所有商品一样。短暂的心醉神迷需要去购买，从经济角度来看。消极生活意味着寄生状态。

If it were, that mortality would vary with the density of fish-farming enterprises (as rates of parasitism and disease already do).

如果是这样，死亡率将随着养鱼企业的密度而变化（就像寄生虫和疾病的发生率一样）。

This is but one example of brood parasitism, an evolutionary strategy in which one animal tricks another into rearing its young.

这只是育雏寄生的一个例子，这是一种进化策略，其中一种动物欺骗另一种动物抚养它的幼崽。

Wasps have been perfecting their brand of parasitism for some 247 million years, all to give their offspring the very best opportunities life has to offer.

黄蜂在过去 2 亿 4700 万年里丰满着它们“寄生”的形象，只为给它们的后代留下生命可以给予的最佳机会。

Whatever the purpose — self-defense, parasitism or mimicry, plants have been chatting and eavesdropping in complex social networks since long before Facebook, texting or even — beep.

不论目的如何，是为了自卫，寄生或者伪装，植物们一直都在一个复杂的社交网络交流、八卦，它们的社交网络可比脸书，传真，电报的出现早多啦！

This seems to partially be a result of how long brood parasitism has been in their environment, and thus how much time they've had to evolve suitable adaptations.

这似乎部分是由于寄生在它们的环境中的时间有多长，因此它们必须花多少时间来进化出合适的适应性。