And in the formal operational stage, at about age 12, Piaget said, kids begin to think in the abstract and use logic and critical thinking.

皮亚杰说，在正式运算阶段，大约在 12 岁时，孩子们开始进行抽象思考，并使用逻辑和批判性思维。

It’s not until they reach the concrete operational stage, around 6 or 7, that they develop the ability to take in other people’s perspectives, and begin to make cause-and-effect connections between events in their surroundings.

直到他们达到具体的运算阶段（大约 6 或 7 岁），他们才会培养出理解他人观点的能力， 并开始在周围的事件之间建立因果关系。