Alternatively it could be due to losing protein too quickly like in nephrotic syndrome.

这也可能是由于肾病综合征等因素导致蛋白流失过快。

But what exactly is nephrotic syndrome?

但是究竟什么是肾病综合征呢？

Other causes include a low oncotic pressure which can be from malnutrition, liver failure, and nephrotic syndrome.

其他因素包括低胶体渗透压，可能是营养不良、肝衰竭以及肾病综合征导致的。

Another cause is excessive urinary loss of these proteins which can happen in people with nephrotic syndrome.

另一个病因是蛋白过多地从尿中排出，可出现在肾病综合征患者中。

Alright, so with membranous glomerulonephritis, the basement membrane becomes damaged which causes nephrotic syndrome.

好，所以在膜性肾小球肾炎中，基底膜受损，可导致肾病综合征。

And those are the hallmarks of nephrotic syndrome—proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, edema, hyperlipidemia, and lipiduria.

这些是肾病综合征的特征：蛋白尿、低白蛋白血症、水肿、高脂血症，以及脂尿。

Those glomeruli that are affected, though, allow proteins to filter through into the urine, and ultimately people with FSGS develop nephrotic syndrome.

当这些肾小球受累，蛋白质可滤过入尿，最终，FSGS患者出现肾病综合征。

Two causes of low oncotic pressure are cirrhosis, where the liver makes fewer proteins and nephrotic syndrome, where proteins are lost through the urine.

造成胶体渗透压降低有两个原因：一个是肝硬化，即肝的蛋白质产量减少；另一个是肾病综合征，因而大量蛋白质随着尿液流失。

So focal segmental glomerulosclerosis is a type of nephrotic syndrome, that's helpful, but why does the glomerulus develop segmental sclerosis in the first place?

那么局灶节段性肾小球肾炎是肾病综合征的一种，这很有帮助，但肾小球是如何原发性地产生节段性硬化的呢？

Some research suggests that these changes in FSGS are a continuation from another nephrotic syndrome called minimal change disease which is also characterized by podocyte injury.

一些研究表明FSGS的病变是由另一种肾病综合征微小病变性肾病发展而来的；该病也是由足细胞损伤介导的。

For example, decreased albumin levels such as in liver diseases, nephrotic syndrome, or malnutrition produce lower serum calcium values, but the amount of free calcium may still be normal.

例如，白蛋白水平降低（例如在肝脏疾病，肾病综合症或营养不良中）会产生较低的血清钙值，但游离钙的含量可能仍是正常的。

Alright, quick recap—membranous glomerulonephritis is where immune complexes deposit in the GBM, causing a thickening of that GBM and a " spike and dome" appearance that leads to nephrotic syndrome.

好，快速回顾一下：在膜性肾小球肾炎中，免疫复合物沉积在肾小球基膜，引起肾小球基膜增厚和“钉状突起”，导致肾病综合征。

Alright, so as a quick recap, focal segmental glomerulosclerosis is a nephrotic syndrome characterized by sclerosis and hyalinosis in some, but not all, glomeruli, and usually only affects part of the glomeruli that it affects.

得！快速回顾一下：局灶节段性肾小球肾炎是一种肾病综合征，以部分肾小球的硬化和玻璃样变为特征，通常只影响肾小球的一小部分。