Just to give you an example, a gram of soil would have about 10 billion microbial cells.

举个例子，一克土壤可能包含了 100 亿个微生物细胞。

Just like our human cells, each microbial cell contains a genome.

就像我们的人类细胞一样，每个微生物细胞都包含一个基因组。

Instead of troublesome chemical synthesis, they turned to microbial cell factories, in which vats of genetically tweaked bacteria turn lactose, a common milk sugar, into HMOs.

他们没有采用麻烦的化学合成方法，而是利用微生物细胞工厂，在其中大桶经过基因改造的细菌将乳糖（一种常见的乳糖）转化为 HMO。

Because microbial cell factories can make only the simplest sugars, says Birgitte Zeuner from the Technical University of Denmark, reaching similar numbers in formula milk will take new technology.

丹麦技术大学的 Birgitte Zeuner 表示，由于微生物细胞工厂只能生产最简单的糖，因此要在配方奶中达到类似的数量需要新技术。

Rosenbaum:  So typically, we put them either in a shake flask, that's like the size of a hand, and then we have a few microbial cells in there that are basically lost in an ocean.

罗森鲍姆：通常情况下，我们要么将它们放在一个手掌大小的摇瓶中，然后我们在里面放一些微生物细胞，这些微生物细胞基本上都消失在海洋中了。