In 1612, they united into a joint stock.

1612 年， 他们合并为一家股份公司。

In the early 18th century they began operating the library like, “… joint stock companies whose members agreed to pool resources for their mutual benefit.”

在18世纪早期，他们开始以“… … 股份公司，其成员同意共享资源以实现互利”的方式经营图书馆。

But by the 17th century, merchants in the Netherlands and in Britain had expanded upon this idea to create joint stock companies.

但到了 17 世纪，荷兰和英国的商人已经扩展了这个想法， 创建了股份公司。

After catching the eye of a prominent businessman in May of 1906, Toyota founded the Toyota Loom Company as a joint stock venture.

在 1906 年 5 月引起一位著名商人的注意后，丰田成立了合资企业丰田织机公司。

When they trade upon a joint stock, each member sharing in the common profit or loss, in proportion to his share in this stock, they are called joint-stock companies.

当他们交易股份时， 每个成员按其在该股票中的份额分享共同的利润或损失， 他们被称为股份公司。

It is a kind of negotiable securities issued by the joint stock company to various shareholders for the purpose of raising funds as the ownership certificate and obtaining dividends and bonuses.

是股份公司为筹集资金而发行给各个股东作为持股凭证并借以取行股息和红利的一种有价证券。

In many manufacturing lines, the joint stock company had become the prevailing organization, but even in these fields the element that so characterizes our own age, that of combination, was exerting practically no influence.

在许多生产线中， 股份公司已成为占主导地位的组织， 但即使在这些领域中， 我们这个时代的特征要素， 即联合要素， 实际上也没有发挥任何影响。

Secondly, The directors of a joint-stock company have always the management of a large capital, the joint stock of the company, a part of which they may frequently employ, with propriety, in building, repairing, and maintaining such necessary forts and garrisons.

其次，股份公司的董事始终拥有大量资本的管理权，即公司的股份，他们可以经常适当地使用其中的一部分来建造、修理和维护这些必要的堡垒和驻军.