And there are " network externalities" to consider.

此外，还有“网络外部性”需要考虑。

Market-based approaches to reduce negative externalities are also used to fight climate change.

减少负外部性的以市场为基础的方法也被用于应对气候变化。

Regulation can also create positive externalities.

监管也可以产生正外部性。

In fact, externalities are the justification for almost everything the government does.

事实上，外部性几乎是政府所有行动的正当理由。

Another way that governments try to solve externalities is with market-based policies.

政府试图解决外部性的另一种方式是基于市场的政策。

When other people are made better off that is called a positive externality.

当别人变得更好时，它被称为正外部性。

We need to consider how healthy bodies are based on what's going on inside, rather than focusing on externalities.

我们需要考虑健康的身体取决于内在情况，而不应聚焦在外部。

When other people are made worse off that's called a negative externality.

当别人变得更糟时，它被称为负外部性。

We've tried to explain the problem of externalities, now let's talk about the solutions.

我们试着解释了外部性的问题，现在我们来谈谈它的解决方法。

When the government tries to fix externalities they can use regulatory policies or market-based policies.

当政府试图解决外部性问题时，他们可以使用监管或基于市场的政策。

The tax drives up the price, consumers buy fewer cigarettes, and this addresses the negative externality.

税收提高了香烟的价格，消费者购买的香烟减少了，这就解决了负外部性问题。

As for positive externalities. Think about education. More education is great for you.

至于正外部性，以教育为例吧。更多的教育对你来说是件好事。

There is no better example of this than what economists call externalities.

经济学家所说的外部性就是最好的例子。

Moreover, Jonathan Foley adds, American efficiency generates plenty of negative externalities itself.

此外，Jonathan Foley 补充说，美国的效率本身会产生大量的负外部性。

It also ignores positive externalities like investments in education and health care, mental health care, family services.

它还忽略了积极的外部性， 如对教育和医疗保健、 心理保健、家庭服务的投资。

It sounds like this classic externality story, right?

这听起来像是一个经典的外部性故事，对吧？

But some of them made interesting strategic trade-offs that dramatically reduced their side effects, their externalities.

但他们中的一些人做出了有趣的战略权衡， 极大地减少了它们的副作用，即它们的外部性。

Negative externalities, they're called in economics, costs that the price of the product doesn't include.

负外部性，它们在经济学中被称为产品价格不包括的成本。

Well, it used to be climate change, didn't it? And, that's sort of not an externality anymore, is it?

好吧，它曾经是气候变化，不是吗？而且，这不再是外部性了，是吗？

Biological activity enhanced, she says, by a very positive externality of cattle. That cow is pooping as we speak.

她说，牛的非常积极的外部性增强了生物活动。我们说话的时候那头牛在拉屎。