However, Legionella has a type IVB secretion system, which uses effector proteins to prevent phagolysosomal fusion.

但是，军团菌有一套IVB分泌系统，会利用效应蛋白阻碍吞噬体和溶酶体的融合。

From there, the postganglionic fibers are super short — just long enough to communicate with their effector.

从那里，节后神经纤维超短——刚好足够长以与它们的效应器交流。

Finally, the integration center sends signals to effectors, which then act to restore homeostatic balance.

最后，整合中心向效应器发送信号，然后效应器采取行动恢复体内平衡。

Since parasympathetic ganglia are so close to, or even inside of, their effector organs, the preganglionic fibers are a lot longer.

由于副交感神经节如此接近其效应器官甚至在它们的内部，节前纤维要长得多。

Efferent neurons transmit signals from the CNS to the effector cells and are sometimes called motor neurons.

传出神经元将来自CNS的信号传递到效应细胞，有时为运动神经元。

Instead, they run right from the brain almost all the way to their effectors.

相反，它们几乎从大脑一直运行到它们的效应器。

By contrast, most parasympathetic ganglia are found way out from the spine — near, or even inside of their effector organs.

相比之下，大多数副交感神经节在远离脊柱的地方——靠近，甚至在它们的效应器官内部。

But you gotta wonder — or at least I gotta wonder: how do these neurons and effectors actually communicate with each other?

但是你会好奇，至少我会好奇：这些神经元和效应器实际上是如何相互交流的？

Well, it all depends on the particular kind of receptors that an effector has for receiving that chemical.

嗯，这完全取决于效应器接收这种化学物质的特定受体。

It's up to those neurotransmitters and hormones, and the receptors on the corresponding effectors, to make sure that everyone is on the same page.

这取决于那些神经递质和激素，以及相应效应器上的受体，确保大家都保持着统一的步调。

Even if it's the same chemical. And to an effector, hormonal norepinephrine is just as good as neurotransmitter norepinephrine.

即使是相同的化学物质。对于效应物来说，荷尔蒙去甲肾上腺素和神经递质去甲肾上腺素一样好。

They extend from the cranium and sacrum where they start, out to the lungs or liver or bladder — wherever their effector is — where they reach their ganglion.

它们从颅骨和骶骨开始，延伸到肺、肝或膀胱——无论它们的效应器在哪里——它们会抵达神经节。

It's what crosses that final synapse and creates a response in the effector, like opening up blood vessels that lead to the leg muscles.

它穿过最后的突触，在效应物中产生反应，就像打开通向腿部肌肉的血管。

The sympathetic nervous system is set up in such a way that even a small stress signal sent down one path could trigger a response in many effectors at once.

交感神经系统是这样建立的，即使是沿着一条路径发出的微小压力信号也能同时触发许多效应器的反应。

And an effector is just any structure that receives and reacts to a motor neuron's signal, like a muscle contracting or a gland secreting a hormone.

效应器只是任何接收运动神经元信号并做出反应的结构，就像肌肉收缩或腺体分泌激素一样。

In addition to nerve fibers that lead to ganglia and then your effectors, there's also a set leaving the spinal cord that goes directly to your adrenal glands.

除了通向神经节和效应器的神经纤维，还有一组离开脊髓直接进入肾上腺。

Their ganglia, for example, are located in different places: The sympathetic ganglia are located near the spinal cord, while on the parasympathetic side, they're close to the effectors.

例如，它们的神经节位于不同的位置：交感神经节位于脊髓附近，而副交感神经则靠近效应器。

Once the integration center interprets the signal, it transmits the message to motor neurons, which send an action potential back down your leg, where it reaches an effector.

一旦整合中心解释了信号，它就会将信息传输到运动神经元，运动神经元将动作电位发送回你的腿，到达效应器。

But they do have a lot of distance to cover, on the other side of the ganglion, in order to reach their effectors. So naturally the fibers leading out of the ganglia are a lot longer.

但是它们确实有很长的距离要覆盖，在神经节的另一边，为了到达它们的效应器。所以自然地，从神经节延伸出来的纤维要长得多。

But in your parasympathetic system, the postganglionic neurons release ACh at their synapses with the effector organs, too as opposed to in the sympathetic system, where effectors get a dose of norepinephrine instead.

但是在你的副交感神经系统中，节后神经元在它们与效应器官的突触处释放 ACh，而在交感神经系统中，效应器官得到一剂去甲肾上腺素。