Other theories propose that volcanic activity, particularly in the Deccan Traps in present-day India, spewed vast amounts of sulfur and carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, leading to acid rain and a greenhouse effect.

其他理论认为，火山活动，特别是当今印度德干地盾的火山活动，向大气中排放了大量的硫和二氧化碳，导致酸雨和温室效应。